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1Formulas and methods
Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Method
Check whether the resident is in danger right now (not breathing, choking, a fall, chest pain, stroke signs); if so, keep them safe and get the nurse at once.
Ask whether the task is within the nursing assistant’s scope and training; if not, decline politely and tell the nurse.
Respect the resident’s rights: privacy, choice, refusal of care, dignity and freedom from abuse and unneeded restraints.
Apply the basic rules: hand hygiene, body mechanics, bed low and call light within reach, weak side first when dressing.
Observe and report: compare with the resident’s usual state and report changes promptly and objectively.
Nursing math & unit conversions
Metric steps
1 kg = 1000 g, 1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg, 1 L = 1000 mL
Weight and length
1 kg = 2.2 lb, 1 lb = 16 oz, 1 in = 2.54 cm, 1 ft = 12 in
Household measures
1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL
Write the given quantity with its unit and the unit you want.
Pick the equivalent: 1000 between kg, g, mg and mcg or L and mL; 1 kg = 2.2 lb; 1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 240 mL.
Write it as a fraction so that the unwanted unit cancels; for a rate, use one fraction per unit that changes.
Check the direction: a smaller unit gives a bigger number.
Round only the final answer, to the precision the question names.
2Practice problems
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeMedium
After applying anti-embolism stockings, what should the nursing assistant check?
AThat they are smooth, and the toes are warm and normal in color
BThat they are rolled down a little at the top so they stay in place
CThat the toes are covered so they cannot be seen
DThat they are tight enough to leave deep marks
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeHard
A resident who usually eats all of her meals has eaten about 10% of her food today and is drinking very little. What should the nursing assistant do?
ATell her she must finish her meal before leaving the table
BRecord that she ate her usual amount, because it is only one day
CRemove the tray without recording anything
DRecord the amounts accurately and report the change to the nurse
3.Nursing math & unit conversionsMedium
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). A newborn weighs 5 lb 15 oz. Using 1 lb = 16 oz and 1 kg = 2.2 lb, find the weight m in kilograms. Round to two decimal places.
5 lb 15 oz1 lb = 16 oz1 kg = 2.2 lb
m = kg
4.Nursing math & unit conversionsHard
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). An infusion delivers 6 mg/h. Express this dose rate D in mcg/min. Round to one decimal place.
6 mg/h1 mg = 1000 mcg1 h = 60 min
D = mcg/min
3Solutions
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: A · That they are smooth, and the toes are warm and normal in color
Why this is the answer
Stockings must be smooth and unrolled, because wrinkles and rolled edges cut into the skin and reduce circulation. Toes are checked for color, warmth and feeling, and problems are reported.
Answer
A · That they are smooth, and the toes are warm and normal in color
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: D · Record the amounts accurately and report the change to the nurse
Why this is the answer
A sudden drop in intake can be the first sign of illness, pain, mouth problems, depression or dehydration. The nursing assistant records the real amounts and reports the change. Forcing food is not appropriate.
Answer
D · Record the amounts accurately and report the change to the nurse
3.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: m = 2.7 kg
Household measures and weight: nursing exams use rounded equivalents: 1 teaspoon (tsp) = 5 mL, 1 tablespoon (tbsp) = 15 mL = 3 tsp, 1 fluid ounce (fl oz) = 30 mL = 2 tbsp, and 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL. For weight, 1 kg = 2.2 lb and 1 lb = 16 oz; for length, 1 inch = 2.54 cm. Set the conversion up so that the unit you do not want cancels out.
Ounces to pounds
15 oz/16 = 0.9375 lb
5 + 0.9375 = 5.938 lb
Pounds to kilograms
m = 5.938/2.2 = 2.699 ≈ 2.7 kg
Answer
m = 2.7 kg
4.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: D = 100 mcg/min
Dimensional analysis: write the given quantity, then multiply by conversion factors written as fractions (for example 60 min/1 h or 1 mg/1000 mcg) so that each unwanted unit appears once on top and once underneath and cancels. When only the wanted unit is left, calculate. Use the equivalents the question gives and round only the final answer.
Set up the chain
D = 6 mg/h × (1000 mcg/1 mg) × (1 h/60 min)
Calculate
D = 6000/60 = 100 mcg/min
Answer
D = 100 mcg/min
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