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1Formulas and methods
Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Method
Check whether the resident is in danger right now (not breathing, choking, a fall, chest pain, stroke signs); if so, keep them safe and get the nurse at once.
Ask whether the task is within the nursing assistant’s scope and training; if not, decline politely and tell the nurse.
Respect the resident’s rights: privacy, choice, refusal of care, dignity and freedom from abuse and unneeded restraints.
Apply the basic rules: hand hygiene, body mechanics, bed low and call light within reach, weak side first when dressing.
Observe and report: compare with the resident’s usual state and report changes promptly and objectively.
Nursing math & unit conversions
Metric steps
1 kg = 1000 g, 1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg, 1 L = 1000 mL
Weight and length
1 kg = 2.2 lb, 1 lb = 16 oz, 1 in = 2.54 cm, 1 ft = 12 in
Household measures
1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL
Write the given quantity with its unit and the unit you want.
Pick the equivalent: 1000 between kg, g, mg and mcg or L and mL; 1 kg = 2.2 lb; 1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 240 mL.
Write it as a fraction so that the unwanted unit cancels; for a rate, use one fraction per unit that changes.
Check the direction: a smaller unit gives a bigger number.
Round only the final answer, to the precision the question names.
2Practice problems
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeMedium
When is an incident report usually completed?
AOnly when a resident asks for one
BWhen something unusual happens, such as a fall or injury
CAt the end of every shift, even if nothing unusual happened
DOnly when a resident dies
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeHard
A nursing assistant finds a resident unresponsive and not breathing normally. There is no DNR order. What should the nursing assistant do first?
ACall for help and start CPR if trained
BLeave the resident to look for the resident's chart
CGive the resident a glass of water
DWait a few minutes to see if breathing returns
3.Nursing math & unit conversionsMedium
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). A weight conversion gives 124.0155 kg. The rule in this exercise is that weights are rounded to the nearest tenth of a kilogram. What value x do you record?
124.0155 kg
x = kg
4.Nursing math & unit conversionsHard
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). During a shift a patient takes 4 tbsp of liquid supplement, 1 fl oz of juice, 1 tsp of cough syrup, 3 cups of tea. Using the equivalents given, find the total oral intake V in mL.
1 tbsp = 15 mL1 fl oz = 30 mL1 tsp = 5 mL1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL
V = mL
3Solutions
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: B · When something unusual happens, such as a fall or injury
Why this is the answer
An incident report is completed for unusual events involving residents, visitors or staff, such as falls, injuries, errors or lost items. It helps the facility find causes and prevent repeats.
Answer
B · When something unusual happens, such as a fall or injury
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: A · Call for help and start CPR if trained
Why this is the answer
For an unresponsive person who is not breathing normally, the rescuer calls for help, activates the emergency system and, if trained, begins CPR right away. An AED is used as soon as it is available.
Answer
A · Call for help and start CPR if trained
3.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: x = 124 kg
Rounding: look at the digit just after the place you round to: 5 or more rounds up, 4 or less leaves the digit as it is. Round only the final answer, never the steps. Typical exam rules: volumes of 1 mL or more to the nearest tenth, volumes below 1 mL to the nearest hundredth, drip rates to whole drops and weights to one decimal place; always follow the rule the question states.
Digit in the tenths place
124.0155 → 0
Only the next digit decides
124.0155 → 1
1 is 4 or less, so 0 stays.
The digits after it (55) are ignored: round once, never step by step.
Round
x = 124 kg
Answer
x = 124 kg
4.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: V = 815 mL
Household measures and weight: nursing exams use rounded equivalents: 1 teaspoon (tsp) = 5 mL, 1 tablespoon (tbsp) = 15 mL = 3 tsp, 1 fluid ounce (fl oz) = 30 mL = 2 tbsp, and 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL. For weight, 1 kg = 2.2 lb and 1 lb = 16 oz; for length, 1 inch = 2.54 cm. Set the conversion up so that the unit you do not want cancels out.
Each item in mL
4 tbsp = 4·15 = 60 mL
1 fl oz = 1·30 = 30 mL
1 tsp = 1·5 = 5 mL
3 cups = 3·240 = 720 mL
Add
V = 60 + 30 + 5 + 720 = 815 mL
Answer
V = 815 mL
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