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1Formulas and methods
Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Method
Check whether the resident is in danger right now (not breathing, choking, a fall, chest pain, stroke signs); if so, keep them safe and get the nurse at once.
Ask whether the task is within the nursing assistant’s scope and training; if not, decline politely and tell the nurse.
Respect the resident’s rights: privacy, choice, refusal of care, dignity and freedom from abuse and unneeded restraints.
Apply the basic rules: hand hygiene, body mechanics, bed low and call light within reach, weak side first when dressing.
Observe and report: compare with the resident’s usual state and report changes promptly and objectively.
Nursing math & unit conversions
Metric steps
1 kg = 1000 g, 1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg, 1 L = 1000 mL
Weight and length
1 kg = 2.2 lb, 1 lb = 16 oz, 1 in = 2.54 cm, 1 ft = 12 in
Household measures
1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL
Write the given quantity with its unit and the unit you want.
Pick the equivalent: 1000 between kg, g, mg and mcg or L and mL; 1 kg = 2.2 lb; 1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 240 mL.
Write it as a fraction so that the unwanted unit cancels; for a rate, use one fraction per unit that changes.
Check the direction: a smaller unit gives a bigger number.
Round only the final answer, to the precision the question names.
2Practice problems
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeMedium
How should an ice pack be applied?
AIn a cloth cover, not directly on the skin, checked often
BWrapped in plastic and left on all day to keep swelling down
CUnder the resident's body so it stays in place
DDirectly on the skin so that it cools the area faster
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeHard
A resident makes sexual comments and touches the nursing assistant's arm in an inappropriate way. What should the nursing assistant do?
ASlap his hand away and shout at him
BLaugh along so that the resident does not feel embarrassed
CRefuse to care for him ever again without telling anyone
DCalmly tell him it is not acceptable and report it to the nurse
3.Nursing math & unit conversionsMedium
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). A patient is 6 ft 10 in tall. Using 1 ft = 12 in and 1 in = 2.54 cm, find the height h in centimetres, to the nearest whole centimetre.
6 ft 10 in1 ft = 12 in1 in = 2.54 cm
h = cm
4.Nursing math & unit conversionsHard
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). During a shift a patient takes 1 fl oz of juice, 1 cup of tea, 2 tsp of cough syrup, 2 tbsp of liquid supplement. Using the equivalents given, find the total oral intake V in mL.
1 fl oz = 30 mL1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL1 tsp = 5 mL1 tbsp = 15 mL
V = mL
3Solutions
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: A · In a cloth cover, not directly on the skin, checked often
Why this is the answer
An ice pack is covered with a cloth or cover and placed for the time ordered. The skin is checked often for pale, white, bluish or numb areas, and problems are reported.
Answer
A · In a cloth cover, not directly on the skin, checked often
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: D · Calmly tell him it is not acceptable and report it to the nurse
Why this is the answer
The nursing assistant stays calm, sets a clear limit and reports the behavior. It may be caused by illness such as dementia, and the team can plan a response that protects both staff and resident.
Answer
D · Calmly tell him it is not acceptable and report it to the nurse
3.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: h = 208 cm
Household measures and weight: nursing exams use rounded equivalents: 1 teaspoon (tsp) = 5 mL, 1 tablespoon (tbsp) = 15 mL = 3 tsp, 1 fluid ounce (fl oz) = 30 mL = 2 tbsp, and 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL. For weight, 1 kg = 2.2 lb and 1 lb = 16 oz; for length, 1 inch = 2.54 cm. Set the conversion up so that the unit you do not want cancels out.
Height in inches
6·12 + 10 = 82 in
Inches to centimetres
h = 82·2.54 = 208.3 ≈ 208 cm
Answer
h = 208 cm
4.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: V = 310 mL
Household measures and weight: nursing exams use rounded equivalents: 1 teaspoon (tsp) = 5 mL, 1 tablespoon (tbsp) = 15 mL = 3 tsp, 1 fluid ounce (fl oz) = 30 mL = 2 tbsp, and 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL. For weight, 1 kg = 2.2 lb and 1 lb = 16 oz; for length, 1 inch = 2.54 cm. Set the conversion up so that the unit you do not want cancels out.
Each item in mL
1 fl oz = 1·30 = 30 mL
1 cup = 1·240 = 240 mL
2 tsp = 2·5 = 10 mL
2 tbsp = 2·15 = 30 mL
Add
V = 30 + 240 + 10 + 30 = 310 mL
Answer
V = 310 mL
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