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1Formulas and methods
Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Method
Check whether the resident is in danger right now (not breathing, choking, a fall, chest pain, stroke signs); if so, keep them safe and get the nurse at once.
Ask whether the task is within the nursing assistant’s scope and training; if not, decline politely and tell the nurse.
Respect the resident’s rights: privacy, choice, refusal of care, dignity and freedom from abuse and unneeded restraints.
Apply the basic rules: hand hygiene, body mechanics, bed low and call light within reach, weak side first when dressing.
Observe and report: compare with the resident’s usual state and report changes promptly and objectively.
Nursing math & unit conversions
Metric steps
1 kg = 1000 g, 1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg, 1 L = 1000 mL
Weight and length
1 kg = 2.2 lb, 1 lb = 16 oz, 1 in = 2.54 cm, 1 ft = 12 in
Household measures
1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL
Write the given quantity with its unit and the unit you want.
Pick the equivalent: 1000 between kg, g, mg and mcg or L and mL; 1 kg = 2.2 lb; 1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 240 mL.
Write it as a fraction so that the unwanted unit cancels; for a rate, use one fraction per unit that changes.
Check the direction: a smaller unit gives a bigger number.
Round only the final answer, to the precision the question names.
2Practice problems
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeMedium
Why does the nursing assistant report to the nurse at the end of a shift?
ABecause reporting during the shift is not allowed
BSo the team knows about care given and any changes in residents
CSo the nurse can decide whether the nursing assistant may go home
DSo the nurse can complete the nursing assistant's paperwork
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeHard
After a stroke, a resident's left hand is starting to curl into a fist. What is the care plan most likely to include to prevent a contracture?
ATying the hand to the bed rail with the fingers open
BRange-of-motion exercises and a hand splint or roll as ordered
CLeaving the hand alone, because nothing can be done after a stroke
DKeeping the hand in a tight fist to rest the muscles
3.Nursing math & unit conversionsMedium
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). A newborn weighs 7 lb 14 oz. Using 1 lb = 16 oz and 1 kg = 2.2 lb, find the weight m in kilograms. Round to two decimal places.
7 lb 14 oz1 lb = 16 oz1 kg = 2.2 lb
m = kg
4.Nursing math & unit conversionsHard
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). An order reads 0.5 mcg/kg/min for a patient who weighs 89 kg. Express the dose rate D in mg/h. Round to two decimal places.
0.5 mcg/kg/min89 kg
D = mg/h
3Solutions
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: B · So the team knows about care given and any changes in residents
Why this is the answer
End-of-shift reporting passes on what care was given and any changes, so the next shift can continue care safely. Urgent changes are reported right away, not saved for the end of the shift.
Answer
B · So the team knows about care given and any changes in residents
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: B · Range-of-motion exercises and a hand splint or roll as ordered
Why this is the answer
Regular range-of-motion exercises and positioning devices such as splints or hand rolls, applied as ordered, keep the fingers and wrist from becoming fixed in a curled position.
Answer
B · Range-of-motion exercises and a hand splint or roll as ordered
3.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: m = 3.58 kg
Household measures and weight: nursing exams use rounded equivalents: 1 teaspoon (tsp) = 5 mL, 1 tablespoon (tbsp) = 15 mL = 3 tsp, 1 fluid ounce (fl oz) = 30 mL = 2 tbsp, and 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL. For weight, 1 kg = 2.2 lb and 1 lb = 16 oz; for length, 1 inch = 2.54 cm. Set the conversion up so that the unit you do not want cancels out.
Ounces to pounds
14 oz/16 = 0.875 lb
7 + 0.875 = 7.875 lb
Pounds to kilograms
m = 7.875/2.2 = 3.58 kg
Answer
m = 3.58 kg
4.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: D = 2.67 mg/h
Dimensional analysis: write the given quantity, then multiply by conversion factors written as fractions (for example 60 min/1 h or 1 mg/1000 mcg) so that each unwanted unit appears once on top and once underneath and cancels. When only the wanted unit is left, calculate. Use the equivalents the question gives and round only the final answer.
Set up the chain
D = 0.5 mcg/kg/min × 89 kg × (60 min/1 h) × (1 mg/1000 mcg)
Calculate
D = 0.5·89·60/1000 = 2.67 mg/h
Answer
D = 2.67 mg/h
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