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1Formulas and methods
Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Method
Check whether the resident is in danger right now (not breathing, choking, a fall, chest pain, stroke signs); if so, keep them safe and get the nurse at once.
Ask whether the task is within the nursing assistant’s scope and training; if not, decline politely and tell the nurse.
Respect the resident’s rights: privacy, choice, refusal of care, dignity and freedom from abuse and unneeded restraints.
Apply the basic rules: hand hygiene, body mechanics, bed low and call light within reach, weak side first when dressing.
Observe and report: compare with the resident’s usual state and report changes promptly and objectively.
Nursing math & unit conversions
Metric steps
1 kg = 1000 g, 1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg, 1 L = 1000 mL
Weight and length
1 kg = 2.2 lb, 1 lb = 16 oz, 1 in = 2.54 cm, 1 ft = 12 in
Household measures
1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL
Write the given quantity with its unit and the unit you want.
Pick the equivalent: 1000 between kg, g, mg and mcg or L and mL; 1 kg = 2.2 lb; 1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 240 mL.
Write it as a fraction so that the unwanted unit cancels; for a rate, use one fraction per unit that changes.
Check the direction: a smaller unit gives a bigger number.
Round only the final answer, to the precision the question names.
2Practice problems
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeMedium
What is needed before a physical restraint may be used on a resident?
AAgreement from the resident's roommate
BA doctor's order, after less restrictive measures have been tried
CA request from the resident's family
DA decision by the nursing assistant when the unit is short-staffed
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeHard
A resident on a fluid restriction asks the nursing assistant for another large glass of water. What should the nursing assistant do?
AGive the water, because residents always have the right to make their own choices
BGive the water but leave it off the intake record
CExplain the plan kindly, offer mouth care and tell the nurse about the request
DIgnore the request and change the subject
3.Nursing math & unit conversionsMedium
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). A newborn weighs 8 lb 11 oz. Using 1 lb = 16 oz and 1 kg = 2.2 lb, find the weight m in kilograms. Round to two decimal places.
8 lb 11 oz1 lb = 16 oz1 kg = 2.2 lb
m = kg
4.Nursing math & unit conversionsHard
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). During a shift a patient takes ½ tsp of cough syrup, 1 fl oz of juice, 3 cups of tea. Using the equivalents given, find the total oral intake V in mL.
1 tsp = 5 mL1 fl oz = 30 mL1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL
V = mL
3Solutions
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: B · A doctor's order, after less restrictive measures have been tried
Why this is the answer
Restraints need a doctor's (prescriber's) order, must be the least restrictive option and may never be used for staff convenience or discipline. Using one without an order can be false imprisonment.
Answer
B · A doctor's order, after less restrictive measures have been tried
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: C · Explain the plan kindly, offer mouth care and tell the nurse about the request
Why this is the answer
The nursing assistant follows the fluid restriction, offers comfort such as mouth care and moist swabs, and tells the nurse, who can review the plan with the resident. Leaving fluids off the record would make the intake and output record false.
Answer
C · Explain the plan kindly, offer mouth care and tell the nurse about the request
3.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: m = 3.95 kg
Household measures and weight: nursing exams use rounded equivalents: 1 teaspoon (tsp) = 5 mL, 1 tablespoon (tbsp) = 15 mL = 3 tsp, 1 fluid ounce (fl oz) = 30 mL = 2 tbsp, and 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL. For weight, 1 kg = 2.2 lb and 1 lb = 16 oz; for length, 1 inch = 2.54 cm. Set the conversion up so that the unit you do not want cancels out.
Ounces to pounds
11 oz/16 = 0.6875 lb
8 + 0.6875 = 8.688 lb
Pounds to kilograms
m = 8.688/2.2 = 3.949 ≈ 3.95 kg
Answer
m = 3.95 kg
4.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: V = 752.5 mL
Household measures and weight: nursing exams use rounded equivalents: 1 teaspoon (tsp) = 5 mL, 1 tablespoon (tbsp) = 15 mL = 3 tsp, 1 fluid ounce (fl oz) = 30 mL = 2 tbsp, and 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL. For weight, 1 kg = 2.2 lb and 1 lb = 16 oz; for length, 1 inch = 2.54 cm. Set the conversion up so that the unit you do not want cancels out.
Each item in mL
½ tsp = 0.5·5 = 2.5 mL
1 fl oz = 1·30 = 30 mL
3 cups = 3·240 = 720 mL
Add
V = 2.5 + 30 + 720 = 752.5 mL
Answer
V = 752.5 mL
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