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1Formulas and methods
Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Method
Check whether the resident is in danger right now (not breathing, choking, a fall, chest pain, stroke signs); if so, keep them safe and get the nurse at once.
Ask whether the task is within the nursing assistant’s scope and training; if not, decline politely and tell the nurse.
Respect the resident’s rights: privacy, choice, refusal of care, dignity and freedom from abuse and unneeded restraints.
Apply the basic rules: hand hygiene, body mechanics, bed low and call light within reach, weak side first when dressing.
Observe and report: compare with the resident’s usual state and report changes promptly and objectively.
Nursing math & unit conversions
Metric steps
1 kg = 1000 g, 1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg, 1 L = 1000 mL
Weight and length
1 kg = 2.2 lb, 1 lb = 16 oz, 1 in = 2.54 cm, 1 ft = 12 in
Household measures
1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL
Write the given quantity with its unit and the unit you want.
Pick the equivalent: 1000 between kg, g, mg and mcg or L and mL; 1 kg = 2.2 lb; 1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 240 mL.
Write it as a fraction so that the unwanted unit cancels; for a rate, use one fraction per unit that changes.
Check the direction: a smaller unit gives a bigger number.
Round only the final answer, to the precision the question names.
2Practice problems
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeMedium
How does delirium differ from dementia?
ADelirium starts suddenly and is often reversible when the cause is treated
BDelirium and dementia are two names for the same condition
CDelirium develops slowly over many years and can never be treated or reversed
DDelirium only affects young people
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeHard
During morning care, a usually talkative resident is quiet, her face is flushed and her skin feels hot. What should the nursing assistant report?
AThat the resident is in a bad mood today and does not want to talk
BNothing yet, because she may simply be tired from a poor night's sleep
CThat the resident probably has the flu and should stay in her room
DHer change in behavior, flushed face, hot skin and temperature if taken
3.Nursing math & unit conversionsMedium
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). A patient is 6 ft 4 in tall. Using 1 ft = 12 in and 1 in = 2.54 cm, find the height h in centimetres, to the nearest whole centimetre.
6 ft 4 in1 ft = 12 in1 in = 2.54 cm
h = cm
4.Nursing math & unit conversionsHard
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). An infusion starts at 17:45 and finishes at 08:25 the next morning (24-hour clock). How many minutes t did it run?
17:4508:25
t = min
3Solutions
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: A · Delirium starts suddenly and is often reversible when the cause is treated
Why this is the answer
Delirium is a sudden change in attention and thinking, often caused by infection, dehydration or medicines, and can improve when the cause is treated. Dementia develops gradually and is usually permanent.
Answer
A · Delirium starts suddenly and is often reversible when the cause is treated
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: D · Her change in behavior, flushed face, hot skin and temperature if taken
Why this is the answer
A change from a resident's usual behavior, together with flushed, hot skin, may signal fever or illness. The nursing assistant reports the observations factually, including measured vital signs, without guessing the diagnosis.
Answer
D · Her change in behavior, flushed face, hot skin and temperature if taken
3.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: h = 193 cm
Household measures and weight: nursing exams use rounded equivalents: 1 teaspoon (tsp) = 5 mL, 1 tablespoon (tbsp) = 15 mL = 3 tsp, 1 fluid ounce (fl oz) = 30 mL = 2 tbsp, and 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL. For weight, 1 kg = 2.2 lb and 1 lb = 16 oz; for length, 1 inch = 2.54 cm. Set the conversion up so that the unit you do not want cancels out.
Height in inches
6·12 + 4 = 76 in
Inches to centimetres
h = 76·2.54 = 193 cm
Answer
h = 193 cm
4.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: t = 880 min
24-hour clock: from 1 PM onwards add 12 to the hour (3:45 PM = 15:45). Midnight to 12:59 AM is 00:00–00:59, and 12:00–12:59 PM stays 12:00–12:59. Going back, subtract 12 from hours 13–23 and add PM; hours 00 become 12 AM. Count time across midnight in two parts: up to 24:00 (00:00), then from 00:00 on.
Before midnight
17:45 → 24:00 = 375 min
After midnight
00:00 → 08:25 = 505 min
Total
t = 375 + 505 = 880 min
Answer
t = 880 min
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