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1Formulas and methods
Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Method
Check whether the resident is in danger right now (not breathing, choking, a fall, chest pain, stroke signs); if so, keep them safe and get the nurse at once.
Ask whether the task is within the nursing assistant’s scope and training; if not, decline politely and tell the nurse.
Respect the resident’s rights: privacy, choice, refusal of care, dignity and freedom from abuse and unneeded restraints.
Apply the basic rules: hand hygiene, body mechanics, bed low and call light within reach, weak side first when dressing.
Observe and report: compare with the resident’s usual state and report changes promptly and objectively.
Nursing math & unit conversions
Metric steps
1 kg = 1000 g, 1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg, 1 L = 1000 mL
Weight and length
1 kg = 2.2 lb, 1 lb = 16 oz, 1 in = 2.54 cm, 1 ft = 12 in
Household measures
1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL
Write the given quantity with its unit and the unit you want.
Pick the equivalent: 1000 between kg, g, mg and mcg or L and mL; 1 kg = 2.2 lb; 1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 240 mL.
Write it as a fraction so that the unwanted unit cancels; for a rate, use one fraction per unit that changes.
Check the direction: a smaller unit gives a bigger number.
Round only the final answer, to the precision the question names.
2Practice problems
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeMedium
What is the goal of a bladder retraining program?
ATo keep the resident in incontinence briefs at all times
BTo limit all fluids so the resident needs the toilet less
CTo regain bladder control by toileting on a set schedule
DTo insert a urinary catheter to empty the bladder
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeHard
A resident says her knee hurts. Which information is most useful to report to the nurse?
AOnly that she has pain, since the nurse will ask the details later
BYour own opinion that the pain cannot be very severe, because she is smiling
CThat she often complains about pain and probably wants attention
DWhere it hurts, how bad it is (0–10), what it feels like and when it began
3.Nursing math & unit conversionsMedium
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). A patient’s temperature is 102.4 °F. Convert it to degrees Celsius T with °C = (°F − 32) × 5/9. Round to one decimal place.
102.4 °F
T = °C
4.Nursing math & unit conversionsHard
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). An infusion delivers 0.5 mg/h. Express this dose rate D in mcg/min. Round to one decimal place.
0.5 mg/h1 mg = 1000 mcg1 h = 60 min
D = mcg/min
3Solutions
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: C · To regain bladder control by toileting on a set schedule
Why this is the answer
Bladder retraining uses a schedule of toileting at set times, with prompt help, to help the resident regain control. Limiting fluids can cause dehydration and concentrated urine that irritates the bladder.
Answer
C · To regain bladder control by toileting on a set schedule
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: D · Where it hurts, how bad it is (0–10), what it feels like and when it began
Why this is the answer
Useful pain reports include location, intensity, type (for example sharp or aching), when it started and what makes it better or worse. Pain is what the resident says it is, so personal opinions are not reported as facts.
Answer
D · Where it hurts, how bad it is (0–10), what it feels like and when it began
3.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: T = 39.1 °C
Temperature: °C = (°F − 32) × 5/9 and °F = °C × 9/5 + 32. Subtract 32 before you multiply when going from °F, and add 32 after you multiply when going from °C. A quick check: 37 °C is 98.6 °F, and every 1 °C is 1.8 °F.
Subtract 32
102.4 − 32 = 70.4
Multiply by 5/9
T = 70.4·5/9 = 39.11 ≈ 39.1 °C
Answer
T = 39.1 °C
4.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: D = 8.3 mcg/min
Dimensional analysis: write the given quantity, then multiply by conversion factors written as fractions (for example 60 min/1 h or 1 mg/1000 mcg) so that each unwanted unit appears once on top and once underneath and cancels. When only the wanted unit is left, calculate. Use the equivalents the question gives and round only the final answer.
Set up the chain
D = 0.5 mg/h × (1000 mcg/1 mg) × (1 h/60 min)
Calculate
D = 500/60 = 8.333 ≈ 8.3 mcg/min
Answer
D = 8.3 mcg/min
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