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1Formulas and methods
Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Method
Check whether the resident is in danger right now (not breathing, choking, a fall, chest pain, stroke signs); if so, keep them safe and get the nurse at once.
Ask whether the task is within the nursing assistant’s scope and training; if not, decline politely and tell the nurse.
Respect the resident’s rights: privacy, choice, refusal of care, dignity and freedom from abuse and unneeded restraints.
Apply the basic rules: hand hygiene, body mechanics, bed low and call light within reach, weak side first when dressing.
Observe and report: compare with the resident’s usual state and report changes promptly and objectively.
Nursing math & unit conversions
Metric steps
1 kg = 1000 g, 1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg, 1 L = 1000 mL
Weight and length
1 kg = 2.2 lb, 1 lb = 16 oz, 1 in = 2.54 cm, 1 ft = 12 in
Household measures
1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL
Write the given quantity with its unit and the unit you want.
Pick the equivalent: 1000 between kg, g, mg and mcg or L and mL; 1 kg = 2.2 lb; 1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 240 mL.
Write it as a fraction so that the unwanted unit cancels; for a rate, use one fraction per unit that changes.
Check the direction: a smaller unit gives a bigger number.
Round only the final answer, to the precision the question names.
2Practice problems
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeMedium
When is an incident report usually completed?
AOnly when a resident dies
BWhen something unusual happens, such as a fall or injury
CAt the end of every shift, even if nothing unusual happened
DOnly when a resident asks for one
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeHard
A resident who is choking can still cough forcefully and speak a few words. What should the nursing assistant do?
ABegin abdominal thrusts right away before the blockage gets worse
BHit him hard on the back while he is upright
CGive him a glass of water to wash the food down
DEncourage him to keep coughing, stay with him and call for help
3.Nursing math & unit conversionsMedium
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). A newborn weighs 10 lb 15 oz. Using 1 lb = 16 oz and 1 kg = 2.2 lb, find the weight m in kilograms. Round to two decimal places.
10 lb 15 oz1 lb = 16 oz1 kg = 2.2 lb
m = kg
4.Nursing math & unit conversionsHard
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). During a shift a patient takes 1½ tbsp of liquid supplement, 8 fl oz of juice, 3 cups of tea, 2 tsp of cough syrup. Using the equivalents given, find the total oral intake V in mL.
1 tbsp = 15 mL1 fl oz = 30 mL1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL1 tsp = 5 mL
V = mL
3Solutions
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: B · When something unusual happens, such as a fall or injury
Why this is the answer
An incident report is completed for unusual events involving residents, visitors or staff, such as falls, injuries, errors or lost items. It helps the facility find causes and prevent repeats.
Answer
B · When something unusual happens, such as a fall or injury
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: D · Encourage him to keep coughing, stay with him and call for help
Why this is the answer
A person who can cough forcefully and speak has a partial airway blockage. Coughing is the best way to clear it, so the nursing assistant encourages coughing, stays and calls for help. Abdominal thrusts start if he can no longer cough, speak or breathe.
Answer
D · Encourage him to keep coughing, stay with him and call for help
3.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: m = 4.97 kg
Household measures and weight: nursing exams use rounded equivalents: 1 teaspoon (tsp) = 5 mL, 1 tablespoon (tbsp) = 15 mL = 3 tsp, 1 fluid ounce (fl oz) = 30 mL = 2 tbsp, and 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL. For weight, 1 kg = 2.2 lb and 1 lb = 16 oz; for length, 1 inch = 2.54 cm. Set the conversion up so that the unit you do not want cancels out.
Ounces to pounds
15 oz/16 = 0.9375 lb
10 + 0.9375 = 10.94 lb
Pounds to kilograms
m = 10.94/2.2 = 4.972 ≈ 4.97 kg
Answer
m = 4.97 kg
4.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: V = 992.5 mL
Household measures and weight: nursing exams use rounded equivalents: 1 teaspoon (tsp) = 5 mL, 1 tablespoon (tbsp) = 15 mL = 3 tsp, 1 fluid ounce (fl oz) = 30 mL = 2 tbsp, and 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL. For weight, 1 kg = 2.2 lb and 1 lb = 16 oz; for length, 1 inch = 2.54 cm. Set the conversion up so that the unit you do not want cancels out.
Each item in mL
1½ tbsp = 1.5·15 = 22.5 mL
8 fl oz = 8·30 = 240 mL
3 cups = 3·240 = 720 mL
2 tsp = 2·5 = 10 mL
Add
V = 22.5 + 240 + 720 + 10 = 992.5 mL
Answer
V = 992.5 mL
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