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1Formulas and methods
Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Method
Check whether the resident is in danger right now (not breathing, choking, a fall, chest pain, stroke signs); if so, keep them safe and get the nurse at once.
Ask whether the task is within the nursing assistant’s scope and training; if not, decline politely and tell the nurse.
Respect the resident’s rights: privacy, choice, refusal of care, dignity and freedom from abuse and unneeded restraints.
Apply the basic rules: hand hygiene, body mechanics, bed low and call light within reach, weak side first when dressing.
Observe and report: compare with the resident’s usual state and report changes promptly and objectively.
Nursing math & unit conversions
Metric steps
1 kg = 1000 g, 1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg, 1 L = 1000 mL
Weight and length
1 kg = 2.2 lb, 1 lb = 16 oz, 1 in = 2.54 cm, 1 ft = 12 in
Household measures
1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL
Write the given quantity with its unit and the unit you want.
Pick the equivalent: 1000 between kg, g, mg and mcg or L and mL; 1 kg = 2.2 lb; 1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 240 mL.
Write it as a fraction so that the unwanted unit cancels; for a rate, use one fraction per unit that changes.
Check the direction: a smaller unit gives a bigger number.
Round only the final answer, to the precision the question names.
2Practice problems
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeMedium
When should an ostomy pouch usually be emptied?
AWhen it is about one-third to one-half full
BOnly at bedtime
COnly when it is completely full
DOnce a week, when the whole pouch is changed
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeHard
A resident with dementia becomes upset when asked to choose from all the clothes in her closet. Which approach best supports her?
ATell her she must decide quickly
BPut her in a hospital gown for the day
COffer a choice between two outfits
DChoose all her clothes for her without asking
3.Nursing math & unit conversionsMedium
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). A patient’s temperature is 104.9 °F. Convert it to degrees Celsius T with °C = (°F − 32) × 5/9. Round to one decimal place.
104.9 °F
T = °C
4.Nursing math & unit conversionsHard
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). During a shift a patient takes 3 tsp of cough syrup, ¼ cup of tea, 2 tbsp of liquid supplement, 6 fl oz of juice. Using the equivalents given, find the total oral intake V in mL.
1 tsp = 5 mL1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL1 tbsp = 15 mL1 fl oz = 30 mL
V = mL
3Solutions
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: A · When it is about one-third to one-half full
Why this is the answer
Emptying the pouch when it is about one-third to one-half full prevents leaks and skin damage. The nursing assistant notes the amount and look of the output and reports changes.
Answer
A · When it is about one-third to one-half full
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: C · Offer a choice between two outfits
Why this is the answer
Too many choices can overwhelm a person with dementia. Offering two options keeps her independence and dignity while reducing stress.
Answer
C · Offer a choice between two outfits
3.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: T = 40.5 °C
Temperature: °C = (°F − 32) × 5/9 and °F = °C × 9/5 + 32. Subtract 32 before you multiply when going from °F, and add 32 after you multiply when going from °C. A quick check: 37 °C is 98.6 °F, and every 1 °C is 1.8 °F.
Subtract 32
104.9 − 32 = 72.9
Multiply by 5/9
T = 72.9·5/9 = 40.5 °C
Answer
T = 40.5 °C
4.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: V = 285 mL
Household measures and weight: nursing exams use rounded equivalents: 1 teaspoon (tsp) = 5 mL, 1 tablespoon (tbsp) = 15 mL = 3 tsp, 1 fluid ounce (fl oz) = 30 mL = 2 tbsp, and 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL. For weight, 1 kg = 2.2 lb and 1 lb = 16 oz; for length, 1 inch = 2.54 cm. Set the conversion up so that the unit you do not want cancels out.
Each item in mL
3 tsp = 3·5 = 15 mL
¼ cup = 0.25·240 = 60 mL
2 tbsp = 2·15 = 30 mL
6 fl oz = 6·30 = 180 mL
Add
V = 15 + 60 + 30 + 180 = 285 mL
Answer
V = 285 mL
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