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1Formulas and methods
Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Method
Check whether the resident is in danger right now (not breathing, choking, a fall, chest pain, stroke signs); if so, keep them safe and get the nurse at once.
Ask whether the task is within the nursing assistant’s scope and training; if not, decline politely and tell the nurse.
Respect the resident’s rights: privacy, choice, refusal of care, dignity and freedom from abuse and unneeded restraints.
Apply the basic rules: hand hygiene, body mechanics, bed low and call light within reach, weak side first when dressing.
Observe and report: compare with the resident’s usual state and report changes promptly and objectively.
Nursing math & unit conversions
Metric steps
1 kg = 1000 g, 1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg, 1 L = 1000 mL
Weight and length
1 kg = 2.2 lb, 1 lb = 16 oz, 1 in = 2.54 cm, 1 ft = 12 in
Household measures
1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL
Write the given quantity with its unit and the unit you want.
Pick the equivalent: 1000 between kg, g, mg and mcg or L and mL; 1 kg = 2.2 lb; 1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 240 mL.
Write it as a fraction so that the unwanted unit cancels; for a rate, use one fraction per unit that changes.
Check the direction: a smaller unit gives a bigger number.
Round only the final answer, to the precision the question names.
2Practice problems
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeMedium
When feeding a resident, where should the nursing assistant sit?
AStanding over the resident to reach the tray easily
BAt the resident's eye level, facing the resident
CBehind the resident so the resident is not distracted
DBeside the bed, facing the television
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeHard
A resident with Alzheimer's disease no longer remembers how to brush her teeth but can do each step when shown. Which approach helps?
ABreak the task into simple steps and show her one step at a time
BGive her the whole set of instructions at once
CSkip mouth care because she cannot remember how
DBrush her teeth for her every time so that she does not get upset
3.Nursing math & unit conversionsMedium
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). A dose calculation for a small injection gives 0.52876 mL. The rule in this exercise is that volumes below 1 mL are rounded to the nearest hundredth of a mL. What value x do you record?
0.52876 mL
x = mL
4.Nursing math & unit conversionsHard
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). A maintenance infusion runs at 150 mL/h without a break. How many litres V does it deliver in 24 hours?
150 mL/h24 h
V = L
3Solutions
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: B · At the resident's eye level, facing the resident
Why this is the answer
Sitting at eye level facing the resident is respectful, allows conversation and lets the nursing assistant watch for chewing and swallowing problems. Standing over a resident can feel rushed and controlling.
Answer
B · At the resident's eye level, facing the resident
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: A · Break the task into simple steps and show her one step at a time
Why this is the answer
Breaking tasks into small steps, with demonstration and cues, lets residents with dementia keep doing what they can. This supports independence and dignity and helps prevent frustration.
Answer
A · Break the task into simple steps and show her one step at a time
3.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: x = 0.53 mL
Rounding: look at the digit just after the place you round to: 5 or more rounds up, 4 or less leaves the digit as it is. Round only the final answer, never the steps. Typical exam rules: volumes of 1 mL or more to the nearest tenth, volumes below 1 mL to the nearest hundredth, drip rates to whole drops and weights to one decimal place; always follow the rule the question states.
Digit in the hundredths place
0.52876 → 2
Only the next digit decides
0.52876 → 8
8 is 5 or more, so round 2 up.
The digits after it (76) are ignored: round once, never step by step.
Round
x = 0.53 mL
Answer
x = 0.53 mL
4.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: V = 3.6 L
Dimensional analysis: write the given quantity, then multiply by conversion factors written as fractions (for example 60 min/1 h or 1 mg/1000 mcg) so that each unwanted unit appears once on top and once underneath and cancels. When only the wanted unit is left, calculate. Use the equivalents the question gives and round only the final answer.
Volume in a day
150 mL/h × 24 h = 3600 mL
In litres
V = 3600/1000 = 3.6 L
Answer
V = 3.6 L
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