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1Formulas and methods
Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Method
Check whether the resident is in danger right now (not breathing, choking, a fall, chest pain, stroke signs); if so, keep them safe and get the nurse at once.
Ask whether the task is within the nursing assistant’s scope and training; if not, decline politely and tell the nurse.
Respect the resident’s rights: privacy, choice, refusal of care, dignity and freedom from abuse and unneeded restraints.
Apply the basic rules: hand hygiene, body mechanics, bed low and call light within reach, weak side first when dressing.
Observe and report: compare with the resident’s usual state and report changes promptly and objectively.
Nursing math & unit conversions
Metric steps
1 kg = 1000 g, 1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg, 1 L = 1000 mL
Weight and length
1 kg = 2.2 lb, 1 lb = 16 oz, 1 in = 2.54 cm, 1 ft = 12 in
Household measures
1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL
Write the given quantity with its unit and the unit you want.
Pick the equivalent: 1000 between kg, g, mg and mcg or L and mL; 1 kg = 2.2 lb; 1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 240 mL.
Write it as a fraction so that the unwanted unit cancels; for a rate, use one fraction per unit that changes.
Check the direction: a smaller unit gives a bigger number.
Round only the final answer, to the precision the question names.
2Practice problems
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeMedium
Why should nursing assistants keep their fingernails short and avoid artificial nails?
ALong nails make it harder to use the call light
BArtificial nails are not allowed outside of work
CLong and artificial nails hold germs and can scratch residents
DShort nails help the nursing assistant write and type faster on the chart
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeHard
A resident makes sexual comments and touches the nursing assistant's arm in an inappropriate way. What should the nursing assistant do?
ASlap his hand away and shout at him
BRefuse to care for him ever again without telling anyone
CCalmly tell him it is not acceptable and report it to the nurse
DLaugh along so that the resident does not feel embarrassed
3.Nursing math & unit conversionsMedium
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). A dose is charted at 08:45 (24-hour clock). Which entry is the same time on the 12-hour clock? Click it.
08:45
18:45 PM
210:45 AM
37:45 AM
48:45 AM
4.Nursing math & unit conversionsHard
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). During a shift a patient takes 1½ tbsp of liquid supplement, 3 fl oz of juice, 2 cups of tea. Using the equivalents given, find the total oral intake V in mL.
1 tbsp = 15 mL1 fl oz = 30 mL1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL
V = mL
3Solutions
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: C · Long and artificial nails hold germs and can scratch residents
Why this is the answer
Germs collect under long and artificial nails and are harder to remove with hand hygiene. Long nails can also tear fragile skin and gloves.
Answer
C · Long and artificial nails hold germs and can scratch residents
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: C · Calmly tell him it is not acceptable and report it to the nurse
Why this is the answer
The nursing assistant stays calm, sets a clear limit and reports the behavior. It may be caused by illness such as dementia, and the team can plan a response that protects both staff and resident.
Answer
C · Calmly tell him it is not acceptable and report it to the nurse
3.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: 8:45 AM
24-hour clock: from 1 PM onwards add 12 to the hour (3:45 PM = 15:45). Midnight to 12:59 AM is 00:00–00:59, and 12:00–12:59 PM stays 12:00–12:59. Going back, subtract 12 from hours 13–23 and add PM; hours 00 become 12 AM. Count time across midnight in two parts: up to 24:00 (00:00), then from 00:00 on.
Convert the hour
08 → 8 AM
Answer
8:45 AM
Answer
8:45 AM
4.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: V = 592.5 mL
Household measures and weight: nursing exams use rounded equivalents: 1 teaspoon (tsp) = 5 mL, 1 tablespoon (tbsp) = 15 mL = 3 tsp, 1 fluid ounce (fl oz) = 30 mL = 2 tbsp, and 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL. For weight, 1 kg = 2.2 lb and 1 lb = 16 oz; for length, 1 inch = 2.54 cm. Set the conversion up so that the unit you do not want cancels out.
Each item in mL
1½ tbsp = 1.5·15 = 22.5 mL
3 fl oz = 3·30 = 90 mL
2 cups = 2·240 = 480 mL
Add
V = 22.5 + 90 + 480 = 592.5 mL
Answer
V = 592.5 mL
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