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1Formulas and methods
Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Method
Check whether the resident is in danger right now (not breathing, choking, a fall, chest pain, stroke signs); if so, keep them safe and get the nurse at once.
Ask whether the task is within the nursing assistant’s scope and training; if not, decline politely and tell the nurse.
Respect the resident’s rights: privacy, choice, refusal of care, dignity and freedom from abuse and unneeded restraints.
Apply the basic rules: hand hygiene, body mechanics, bed low and call light within reach, weak side first when dressing.
Observe and report: compare with the resident’s usual state and report changes promptly and objectively.
Nursing math & unit conversions
Metric steps
1 kg = 1000 g, 1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg, 1 L = 1000 mL
Weight and length
1 kg = 2.2 lb, 1 lb = 16 oz, 1 in = 2.54 cm, 1 ft = 12 in
Household measures
1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL
Write the given quantity with its unit and the unit you want.
Pick the equivalent: 1000 between kg, g, mg and mcg or L and mL; 1 kg = 2.2 lb; 1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 240 mL.
Write it as a fraction so that the unwanted unit cancels; for a rate, use one fraction per unit that changes.
Check the direction: a smaller unit gives a bigger number.
Round only the final answer, to the precision the question names.
2Practice problems
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeMedium
When cleaning dentures at a sink, why is the sink lined with a towel or partly filled with water?
ATo keep the water from getting too hot
BTo make the denture cleaner work faster on stains
CTo cushion the dentures in case they are dropped
DTo soak up any toothpaste that falls
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeHard
A resident with diabetes skipped breakfast because she felt sick to her stomach. What should the nursing assistant do?
ASay nothing, because she will probably eat more at lunch
BTell the nurse, because a missed meal can affect her blood sugar
CGive her extra sugar packets from the kitchen
DRecord that she ate breakfast so that her meal chart looks complete
3.Nursing math & unit conversionsMedium
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). A dose calculation for an injection gives 14.2675 mL. The rule in this exercise is that volumes of 1 mL or more are rounded to the nearest tenth of a mL. What value x do you record?
14.2675 mL
x = mL
4.Nursing math & unit conversionsHard
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). An infusion starts at 22:50 and finishes at 08:10 the next morning (24-hour clock). How many minutes t did it run?
22:5008:10
t = min
3Solutions
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: C · To cushion the dentures in case they are dropped
Why this is the answer
Dentures can break if dropped on a hard sink. A towel or a little water in the sink cushions them. They are rinsed in cool water to avoid warping.
Answer
C · To cushion the dentures in case they are dropped
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: B · Tell the nurse, because a missed meal can affect her blood sugar
Why this is the answer
For a resident with diabetes, a missed meal can lead to low blood sugar, especially if she takes insulin or other diabetes medicines. The nurse needs to know promptly, and her intake is recorded accurately.
Answer
B · Tell the nurse, because a missed meal can affect her blood sugar
3.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: x = 14.3 mL
Rounding: look at the digit just after the place you round to: 5 or more rounds up, 4 or less leaves the digit as it is. Round only the final answer, never the steps. Typical exam rules: volumes of 1 mL or more to the nearest tenth, volumes below 1 mL to the nearest hundredth, drip rates to whole drops and weights to one decimal place; always follow the rule the question states.
Digit in the tenths place
14.2675 → 2
Only the next digit decides
14.2675 → 6
6 is 5 or more, so round 2 up.
The digits after it (75) are ignored: round once, never step by step.
Round
x = 14.3 mL
Answer
x = 14.3 mL
4.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: t = 560 min
24-hour clock: from 1 PM onwards add 12 to the hour (3:45 PM = 15:45). Midnight to 12:59 AM is 00:00–00:59, and 12:00–12:59 PM stays 12:00–12:59. Going back, subtract 12 from hours 13–23 and add PM; hours 00 become 12 AM. Count time across midnight in two parts: up to 24:00 (00:00), then from 00:00 on.
Before midnight
22:50 → 24:00 = 70 min
After midnight
00:00 → 08:10 = 490 min
Total
t = 70 + 490 = 560 min
Answer
t = 560 min
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