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1Formulas and methods
Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Method
Check whether the resident is in danger right now (not breathing, choking, a fall, chest pain, stroke signs); if so, keep them safe and get the nurse at once.
Ask whether the task is within the nursing assistant’s scope and training; if not, decline politely and tell the nurse.
Respect the resident’s rights: privacy, choice, refusal of care, dignity and freedom from abuse and unneeded restraints.
Apply the basic rules: hand hygiene, body mechanics, bed low and call light within reach, weak side first when dressing.
Observe and report: compare with the resident’s usual state and report changes promptly and objectively.
Nursing math & unit conversions
Metric steps
1 kg = 1000 g, 1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg, 1 L = 1000 mL
Weight and length
1 kg = 2.2 lb, 1 lb = 16 oz, 1 in = 2.54 cm, 1 ft = 12 in
Household measures
1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL
Write the given quantity with its unit and the unit you want.
Pick the equivalent: 1000 between kg, g, mg and mcg or L and mL; 1 kg = 2.2 lb; 1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 240 mL.
Write it as a fraction so that the unwanted unit cancels; for a rate, use one fraction per unit that changes.
Check the direction: a smaller unit gives a bigger number.
Round only the final answer, to the precision the question names.
2Practice problems
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeMedium
Which signs are typical of Parkinson's disease?
AA fast heartbeat, sweating and shakiness from low blood sugar
BSudden weakness on one side and slurred speech
CHigh fever, stiff neck and a rash
DTremor, stiff muscles, slow movement and a shuffling walk
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeHard
A resident with an ileostomy has red, sore skin around the stoma. Why is the skin around an ileostomy at special risk?
AIts liquid output contains enzymes that irritate the skin
BThe resident's skin is allergic to the stoma itself
CThe output is hard and dry and scrapes the skin as it passes
DThe pouch is changed too often and pulls off the skin
3.Nursing math & unit conversionsMedium
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). A patient’s temperature is 95.8 °F. Convert it to degrees Celsius T with °C = (°F − 32) × 5/9. Round to one decimal place.
95.8 °F
T = °C
4.Nursing math & unit conversionsHard
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). During a shift a patient takes ½ cup of tea, 8 fl oz of juice, ½ tbsp of liquid supplement, ½ tsp of cough syrup. Using the equivalents given, find the total oral intake V in mL.
1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL1 fl oz = 30 mL1 tbsp = 15 mL1 tsp = 5 mL
V = mL
3Solutions
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: D · Tremor, stiff muscles, slow movement and a shuffling walk
Why this is the answer
Parkinson's disease causes tremor (often at rest), rigidity, slow movement and a shuffling gait with poor balance. Residents are at high risk of falls and may have swallowing problems.
Answer
D · Tremor, stiff muscles, slow movement and a shuffling walk
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: A · Its liquid output contains enzymes that irritate the skin
Why this is the answer
Stool from the small intestine is liquid and contains digestive enzymes, which can quickly damage the skin. A well-fitting pouch, prompt emptying and reporting skin changes protect the skin.
Answer
A · Its liquid output contains enzymes that irritate the skin
3.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: T = 35.4 °C
Temperature: °C = (°F − 32) × 5/9 and °F = °C × 9/5 + 32. Subtract 32 before you multiply when going from °F, and add 32 after you multiply when going from °C. A quick check: 37 °C is 98.6 °F, and every 1 °C is 1.8 °F.
Subtract 32
95.8 − 32 = 63.8
Multiply by 5/9
T = 63.8·5/9 = 35.44 ≈ 35.4 °C
Answer
T = 35.4 °C
4.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: V = 370 mL
Household measures and weight: nursing exams use rounded equivalents: 1 teaspoon (tsp) = 5 mL, 1 tablespoon (tbsp) = 15 mL = 3 tsp, 1 fluid ounce (fl oz) = 30 mL = 2 tbsp, and 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL. For weight, 1 kg = 2.2 lb and 1 lb = 16 oz; for length, 1 inch = 2.54 cm. Set the conversion up so that the unit you do not want cancels out.
Each item in mL
½ cup = 0.5·240 = 120 mL
8 fl oz = 8·30 = 240 mL
½ tbsp = 0.5·15 = 7.5 mL
½ tsp = 0.5·5 = 2.5 mL
Add
V = 120 + 240 + 7.5 + 2.5 = 370 mL
Answer
V = 370 mL
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