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1Formulas and methods
Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Method
Check whether the resident is in danger right now (not breathing, choking, a fall, chest pain, stroke signs); if so, keep them safe and get the nurse at once.
Ask whether the task is within the nursing assistant’s scope and training; if not, decline politely and tell the nurse.
Respect the resident’s rights: privacy, choice, refusal of care, dignity and freedom from abuse and unneeded restraints.
Apply the basic rules: hand hygiene, body mechanics, bed low and call light within reach, weak side first when dressing.
Observe and report: compare with the resident’s usual state and report changes promptly and objectively.
Nursing math & unit conversions
Metric steps
1 kg = 1000 g, 1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg, 1 L = 1000 mL
Weight and length
1 kg = 2.2 lb, 1 lb = 16 oz, 1 in = 2.54 cm, 1 ft = 12 in
Household measures
1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL
Write the given quantity with its unit and the unit you want.
Pick the equivalent: 1000 between kg, g, mg and mcg or L and mL; 1 kg = 2.2 lb; 1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 240 mL.
Write it as a fraction so that the unwanted unit cancels; for a rate, use one fraction per unit that changes.
Check the direction: a smaller unit gives a bigger number.
Round only the final answer, to the precision the question names.
2Practice problems
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeMedium
Why are antibiotic-resistant germs such as MRSA a concern in care facilities?
AThey are hard to treat and spread easily on hands and equipment
BThey spread only through the air, so hand hygiene does not help
CThey can be killed easily by any antibiotic the doctor orders
DThey only cause illness in young, healthy adults
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeHard
A resident spills hot coffee on her thigh. The skin is red and painful. What should the nursing assistant do?
ACover it with a blanket and say nothing
BCool it with cool water and tell the nurse right away
CPut an ice pack directly on the skin for an hour
DRub butter on the area to soothe the burned skin
3.Nursing math & unit conversionsMedium
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). A patient’s temperature is 105.2 °F. Convert it to degrees Celsius T with °C = (°F − 32) × 5/9. Round to one decimal place.
105.2 °F
T = °C
4.Nursing math & unit conversionsHard
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). A maintenance infusion runs at 120 mL/h without a break. How many litres V does it deliver in 24 hours?
120 mL/h24 h
V = L
3Solutions
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: A · They are hard to treat and spread easily on hands and equipment
Why this is the answer
Multidrug-resistant organisms such as MRSA do not respond to many antibiotics and can spread between residents on hands, equipment and surfaces. Hand hygiene and contact precautions help stop them.
Answer
A · They are hard to treat and spread easily on hands and equipment
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: B · Cool it with cool water and tell the nurse right away
Why this is the answer
A burn is cooled promptly with cool water, and any clothing that is soaked with the hot drink but not stuck to the skin is removed. The nurse assesses the burn. Butter and ice can worsen the injury.
Answer
B · Cool it with cool water and tell the nurse right away
3.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: T = 40.7 °C
Temperature: °C = (°F − 32) × 5/9 and °F = °C × 9/5 + 32. Subtract 32 before you multiply when going from °F, and add 32 after you multiply when going from °C. A quick check: 37 °C is 98.6 °F, and every 1 °C is 1.8 °F.
Subtract 32
105.2 − 32 = 73.2
Multiply by 5/9
T = 73.2·5/9 = 40.67 ≈ 40.7 °C
Answer
T = 40.7 °C
4.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: V = 2.88 L
Dimensional analysis: write the given quantity, then multiply by conversion factors written as fractions (for example 60 min/1 h or 1 mg/1000 mcg) so that each unwanted unit appears once on top and once underneath and cancels. When only the wanted unit is left, calculate. Use the equivalents the question gives and round only the final answer.
Volume in a day
120 mL/h × 24 h = 2880 mL
In litres
V = 2880/1000 = 2.88 L
Answer
V = 2.88 L
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