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1Formulas and methods
Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Method
Check whether the resident is in danger right now (not breathing, choking, a fall, chest pain, stroke signs); if so, keep them safe and get the nurse at once.
Ask whether the task is within the nursing assistant’s scope and training; if not, decline politely and tell the nurse.
Respect the resident’s rights: privacy, choice, refusal of care, dignity and freedom from abuse and unneeded restraints.
Apply the basic rules: hand hygiene, body mechanics, bed low and call light within reach, weak side first when dressing.
Observe and report: compare with the resident’s usual state and report changes promptly and objectively.
Nursing math & unit conversions
Metric steps
1 kg = 1000 g, 1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg, 1 L = 1000 mL
Weight and length
1 kg = 2.2 lb, 1 lb = 16 oz, 1 in = 2.54 cm, 1 ft = 12 in
Household measures
1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL
Write the given quantity with its unit and the unit you want.
Pick the equivalent: 1000 between kg, g, mg and mcg or L and mL; 1 kg = 2.2 lb; 1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 240 mL.
Write it as a fraction so that the unwanted unit cancels; for a rate, use one fraction per unit that changes.
Check the direction: a smaller unit gives a bigger number.
Round only the final answer, to the precision the question names.
2Practice problems
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeMedium
A resident with a swallowing problem has just finished eating. How should the resident be positioned?
ATurned onto the stomach to rest
BReclined with the feet raised above the head
CLaid flat right away so the food settles
DKept sitting upright for at least 30 minutes
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeHard
A nursing assistant finds two tablets hidden in a resident's napkin after lunch. The resident says, "Please don't tell the nurse." What should the nursing assistant do?
AKeep the tablets until the next shift and decide then
BExplain kindly that the nurse must know, and tell the nurse right away
CThrow the tablets away to keep the resident's secret
DGive the tablets to the resident again with some juice
3.Nursing math & unit conversionsMedium
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). A dose is charted at 04:10 (24-hour clock). Which entry is the same time on the 12-hour clock? Click it.
04:10
13:10 AM
24:10 PM
36:10 AM
44:10 AM
4.Nursing math & unit conversionsHard
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). During a shift a patient takes 4 tbsp of liquid supplement, 3 tsp of cough syrup, 1½ cups of tea. Using the equivalents given, find the total oral intake V in mL.
1 tbsp = 15 mL1 tsp = 5 mL1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL
V = mL
3Solutions
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: D · Kept sitting upright for at least 30 minutes
Why this is the answer
Staying upright for at least 30 minutes after eating (or as long as the care plan says) helps prevent aspiration and reflux.
Answer
D · Kept sitting upright for at least 30 minutes
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: B · Explain kindly that the nurse must know, and tell the nurse right away
Why this is the answer
The nurse must know that doses were not taken. The nursing assistant does not throw the tablets away or give them; they tell the nurse at once, leave the tablets for the nurse to deal with as policy directs, and explain to the resident why it must be reported.
Answer
B · Explain kindly that the nurse must know, and tell the nurse right away
3.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: 4:10 AM
24-hour clock: from 1 PM onwards add 12 to the hour (3:45 PM = 15:45). Midnight to 12:59 AM is 00:00–00:59, and 12:00–12:59 PM stays 12:00–12:59. Going back, subtract 12 from hours 13–23 and add PM; hours 00 become 12 AM. Count time across midnight in two parts: up to 24:00 (00:00), then from 00:00 on.
Convert the hour
04 → 4 AM
Answer
4:10 AM
Answer
4:10 AM
4.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: V = 435 mL
Household measures and weight: nursing exams use rounded equivalents: 1 teaspoon (tsp) = 5 mL, 1 tablespoon (tbsp) = 15 mL = 3 tsp, 1 fluid ounce (fl oz) = 30 mL = 2 tbsp, and 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL. For weight, 1 kg = 2.2 lb and 1 lb = 16 oz; for length, 1 inch = 2.54 cm. Set the conversion up so that the unit you do not want cancels out.
Each item in mL
4 tbsp = 4·15 = 60 mL
3 tsp = 3·5 = 15 mL
1½ cups = 1.5·240 = 360 mL
Add
V = 60 + 15 + 360 = 435 mL
Answer
V = 435 mL
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