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1Formulas and methods
Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Method
Check whether the resident is in danger right now (not breathing, choking, a fall, chest pain, stroke signs); if so, keep them safe and get the nurse at once.
Ask whether the task is within the nursing assistant’s scope and training; if not, decline politely and tell the nurse.
Respect the resident’s rights: privacy, choice, refusal of care, dignity and freedom from abuse and unneeded restraints.
Apply the basic rules: hand hygiene, body mechanics, bed low and call light within reach, weak side first when dressing.
Observe and report: compare with the resident’s usual state and report changes promptly and objectively.
Nursing math & unit conversions
Metric steps
1 kg = 1000 g, 1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg, 1 L = 1000 mL
Weight and length
1 kg = 2.2 lb, 1 lb = 16 oz, 1 in = 2.54 cm, 1 ft = 12 in
Household measures
1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL
Write the given quantity with its unit and the unit you want.
Pick the equivalent: 1000 between kg, g, mg and mcg or L and mL; 1 kg = 2.2 lb; 1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 240 mL.
Write it as a fraction so that the unwanted unit cancels; for a rate, use one fraction per unit that changes.
Check the direction: a smaller unit gives a bigger number.
Round only the final answer, to the precision the question names.
2Practice problems
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeMedium
A dying resident shouts at staff and complains about everything. Which response is best?
ATell him that other residents in his situation are much more polite
BAvoid his room as much as possible until he calms down
CSpeak sharply so that he knows his behavior is wrong
DStay calm and see anger as part of grief, not a personal attack
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeHard
After 10 minutes, a resident's skin under an ice pack looks pale and white, and she says it feels numb. What should the nursing assistant do?
AAdd more ice to the pack
BRemove the ice pack and report it to the nurse
CMove the ice pack directly onto the skin
DLeave it on because the cold is working well
3.Nursing math & unit conversionsMedium
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). A patient’s temperature is 95.1 °F. Convert it to degrees Celsius T with °C = (°F − 32) × 5/9. Round to one decimal place.
95.1 °F
T = °C
4.Nursing math & unit conversionsHard
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). During a shift a patient takes 1 tsp of cough syrup, 4 tbsp of liquid supplement, 2 cups of tea. Using the equivalents given, find the total oral intake V in mL.
1 tsp = 5 mL1 tbsp = 15 mL1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL
V = mL
3Solutions
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: D · Stay calm and see anger as part of grief, not a personal attack
Why this is the answer
Anger is a common stage of grief, and it is often directed at caregivers. Staying calm, listening and continuing good care helps the resident. Avoiding him would leave him alone when he needs support.
Answer
D · Stay calm and see anger as part of grief, not a personal attack
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: B · Remove the ice pack and report it to the nurse
Why this is the answer
Pale, white or bluish skin and numbness under a cold application are warning signs of injury. The application is removed and the nurse is told.
Answer
B · Remove the ice pack and report it to the nurse
3.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: T = 35.1 °C
Temperature: °C = (°F − 32) × 5/9 and °F = °C × 9/5 + 32. Subtract 32 before you multiply when going from °F, and add 32 after you multiply when going from °C. A quick check: 37 °C is 98.6 °F, and every 1 °C is 1.8 °F.
Subtract 32
95.1 − 32 = 63.1
Multiply by 5/9
T = 63.1·5/9 = 35.06 ≈ 35.1 °C
Answer
T = 35.1 °C
4.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: V = 545 mL
Household measures and weight: nursing exams use rounded equivalents: 1 teaspoon (tsp) = 5 mL, 1 tablespoon (tbsp) = 15 mL = 3 tsp, 1 fluid ounce (fl oz) = 30 mL = 2 tbsp, and 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL. For weight, 1 kg = 2.2 lb and 1 lb = 16 oz; for length, 1 inch = 2.54 cm. Set the conversion up so that the unit you do not want cancels out.
Each item in mL
1 tsp = 1·5 = 5 mL
4 tbsp = 4·15 = 60 mL
2 cups = 2·240 = 480 mL
Add
V = 5 + 60 + 480 = 545 mL
Answer
V = 545 mL
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