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1Formulas and methods
Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Method
Check whether the resident is in danger right now (not breathing, choking, a fall, chest pain, stroke signs); if so, keep them safe and get the nurse at once.
Ask whether the task is within the nursing assistant’s scope and training; if not, decline politely and tell the nurse.
Respect the resident’s rights: privacy, choice, refusal of care, dignity and freedom from abuse and unneeded restraints.
Apply the basic rules: hand hygiene, body mechanics, bed low and call light within reach, weak side first when dressing.
Observe and report: compare with the resident’s usual state and report changes promptly and objectively.
Nursing math & unit conversions
Metric steps
1 kg = 1000 g, 1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg, 1 L = 1000 mL
Weight and length
1 kg = 2.2 lb, 1 lb = 16 oz, 1 in = 2.54 cm, 1 ft = 12 in
Household measures
1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL
Write the given quantity with its unit and the unit you want.
Pick the equivalent: 1000 between kg, g, mg and mcg or L and mL; 1 kg = 2.2 lb; 1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 240 mL.
Write it as a fraction so that the unwanted unit cancels; for a rate, use one fraction per unit that changes.
Check the direction: a smaller unit gives a bigger number.
Round only the final answer, to the precision the question names.
2Practice problems
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeMedium
Which vision change commonly occurs with aging?
ABetter night vision than when younger
BDifficulty focusing on close objects
CA need for less light when reading
DSudden loss of all vision in one eye
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeHard
A resident has not had a bowel movement for 4 days. Her abdomen is swollen, and small amounts of liquid stool are leaking. What should the nursing assistant do?
AReport a possible fecal impaction to the nurse
BRecord it as diarrhea and change the brief
CGive her a laxative from the resident's supply
DTell her to drink less fluid to stop the leakage
3.Nursing math & unit conversionsMedium
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). A patient’s temperature is 99.1 °F. Convert it to degrees Celsius T with °C = (°F − 32) × 5/9. Round to one decimal place.
99.1 °F
T = °C
4.Nursing math & unit conversionsHard
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). A blood glucose result is 272 mg/dL. Using 1 mmol/L = 18 mg/dL for glucose, find c in mmol/L. Round to one decimal place.
272 mg/dL1 mmol/L = 18 mg/dL
c = mmol/L
3Solutions
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: B · Difficulty focusing on close objects
Why this is the answer
With age, the lens becomes less flexible, making it hard to focus on near objects (presbyopia). Older adults also need more light and adjust more slowly to glare and darkness. Sudden vision loss is an emergency.
Answer
B · Difficulty focusing on close objects
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: A · Report a possible fecal impaction to the nurse
Why this is the answer
A fecal impaction is hard stool stuck in the rectum. Liquid stool may seep around it and look like diarrhea. Swelling, no normal bowel movement for days and leaking stool are reported to the nurse.
Answer
A · Report a possible fecal impaction to the nurse
3.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: T = 37.3 °C
Temperature: °C = (°F − 32) × 5/9 and °F = °C × 9/5 + 32. Subtract 32 before you multiply when going from °F, and add 32 after you multiply when going from °C. A quick check: 37 °C is 98.6 °F, and every 1 °C is 1.8 °F.
Subtract 32
99.1 − 32 = 67.1
Multiply by 5/9
T = 67.1·5/9 = 37.28 ≈ 37.3 °C
Answer
T = 37.3 °C
4.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: c = 15.1 mmol/L
Dimensional analysis: write the given quantity, then multiply by conversion factors written as fractions (for example 60 min/1 h or 1 mg/1000 mcg) so that each unwanted unit appears once on top and once underneath and cancels. When only the wanted unit is left, calculate. Use the equivalents the question gives and round only the final answer.
Convert
c = 272/18 = 15.11 ≈ 15.1 mmol/L
Answer
c = 15.1 mmol/L
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