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1Formulas and methods
Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Method
Check whether the resident is in danger right now (not breathing, choking, a fall, chest pain, stroke signs); if so, keep them safe and get the nurse at once.
Ask whether the task is within the nursing assistant’s scope and training; if not, decline politely and tell the nurse.
Respect the resident’s rights: privacy, choice, refusal of care, dignity and freedom from abuse and unneeded restraints.
Apply the basic rules: hand hygiene, body mechanics, bed low and call light within reach, weak side first when dressing.
Observe and report: compare with the resident’s usual state and report changes promptly and objectively.
Nursing math & unit conversions
Metric steps
1 kg = 1000 g, 1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg, 1 L = 1000 mL
Weight and length
1 kg = 2.2 lb, 1 lb = 16 oz, 1 in = 2.54 cm, 1 ft = 12 in
Household measures
1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL
Write the given quantity with its unit and the unit you want.
Pick the equivalent: 1000 between kg, g, mg and mcg or L and mL; 1 kg = 2.2 lb; 1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 240 mL.
Write it as a fraction so that the unwanted unit cancels; for a rate, use one fraction per unit that changes.
Check the direction: a smaller unit gives a bigger number.
Round only the final answer, to the precision the question names.
2Practice problems
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeMedium
During a warm soak, the resident's skin becomes very red and she says it burns. What should the nursing assistant do?
AContinue because redness shows it is working
BCover the area with a towel and continue
CStop the treatment and report it to the nurse
DAdd cold water and continue the soak
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeHard
During morning care, a usually talkative resident is quiet, her face is flushed and her skin feels hot. What should the nursing assistant report?
AThat the resident is in a bad mood today and does not want to talk
BThat the resident probably has the flu and should stay in her room
CHer change in behavior, flushed face, hot skin and temperature if taken
DNothing yet, because she may simply be tired from a poor night's sleep
3.Nursing math & unit conversionsMedium
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). A dose is charted at 22:05 (24-hour clock). Which entry is the same time on the 12-hour clock? Click it.
22:05
110:05 AM
212:05 PM
39:05 PM
410:05 PM
4.Nursing math & unit conversionsHard
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). During a shift a patient takes 1½ cups of tea, 1½ tbsp of liquid supplement, 3 fl oz of juice. Using the equivalents given, find the total oral intake V in mL.
1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL1 tbsp = 15 mL1 fl oz = 30 mL
V = mL
3Solutions
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: C · Stop the treatment and report it to the nurse
Why this is the answer
Very red skin and burning mean the treatment may be causing injury. The nursing assistant stops the treatment, protects the skin and reports to the nurse.
Answer
C · Stop the treatment and report it to the nurse
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: C · Her change in behavior, flushed face, hot skin and temperature if taken
Why this is the answer
A change from a resident's usual behavior, together with flushed, hot skin, may signal fever or illness. The nursing assistant reports the observations factually, including measured vital signs, without guessing the diagnosis.
Answer
C · Her change in behavior, flushed face, hot skin and temperature if taken
3.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: 10:05 PM
24-hour clock: from 1 PM onwards add 12 to the hour (3:45 PM = 15:45). Midnight to 12:59 AM is 00:00–00:59, and 12:00–12:59 PM stays 12:00–12:59. Going back, subtract 12 from hours 13–23 and add PM; hours 00 become 12 AM. Count time across midnight in two parts: up to 24:00 (00:00), then from 00:00 on.
Convert the hour
22 − 12 = 10 → PM
Answer
10:05 PM
Answer
10:05 PM
4.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: V = 472.5 mL
Household measures and weight: nursing exams use rounded equivalents: 1 teaspoon (tsp) = 5 mL, 1 tablespoon (tbsp) = 15 mL = 3 tsp, 1 fluid ounce (fl oz) = 30 mL = 2 tbsp, and 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL. For weight, 1 kg = 2.2 lb and 1 lb = 16 oz; for length, 1 inch = 2.54 cm. Set the conversion up so that the unit you do not want cancels out.
Each item in mL
1½ cups = 1.5·240 = 360 mL
1½ tbsp = 1.5·15 = 22.5 mL
3 fl oz = 3·30 = 90 mL
Add
V = 360 + 22.5 + 90 = 472.5 mL
Answer
V = 472.5 mL
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