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1Formulas and methods
Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Method
Check whether the resident is in danger right now (not breathing, choking, a fall, chest pain, stroke signs); if so, keep them safe and get the nurse at once.
Ask whether the task is within the nursing assistant’s scope and training; if not, decline politely and tell the nurse.
Respect the resident’s rights: privacy, choice, refusal of care, dignity and freedom from abuse and unneeded restraints.
Apply the basic rules: hand hygiene, body mechanics, bed low and call light within reach, weak side first when dressing.
Observe and report: compare with the resident’s usual state and report changes promptly and objectively.
Nursing math & unit conversions
Metric steps
1 kg = 1000 g, 1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg, 1 L = 1000 mL
Weight and length
1 kg = 2.2 lb, 1 lb = 16 oz, 1 in = 2.54 cm, 1 ft = 12 in
Household measures
1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL
Write the given quantity with its unit and the unit you want.
Pick the equivalent: 1000 between kg, g, mg and mcg or L and mL; 1 kg = 2.2 lb; 1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 240 mL.
Write it as a fraction so that the unwanted unit cancels; for a rate, use one fraction per unit that changes.
Check the direction: a smaller unit gives a bigger number.
Round only the final answer, to the precision the question names.
2Practice problems
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeMedium
Which breathing technique is often taught to residents with COPD?
APursed-lip breathing
BBreathing into a paper bag
CHolding the breath as long as possible
DBreathing quickly through the mouth
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeHard
A resident sitting up in bed keeps sliding toward the foot of the bed. What should the nursing assistant do?
ATie a sheet across her chest to keep her from sliding down again
BPull her up by her arms on your own so she is not kept waiting
CMove her up with a lift sheet and a helper, and check the care plan
DLeave her where she is so she is not disturbed
3.Nursing math & unit conversionsMedium
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). A newborn weighs 7 lb 10 oz. Using 1 lb = 16 oz and 1 kg = 2.2 lb, find the weight m in kilograms. Round to two decimal places.
7 lb 10 oz1 lb = 16 oz1 kg = 2.2 lb
m = kg
4.Nursing math & unit conversionsHard
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). An order reads 10 mcg/kg/min for a patient who weighs 89 kg. Express the dose rate D in mg/h. Round to two decimal places.
10 mcg/kg/min89 kg
D = mg/h
3Solutions
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: A · Pursed-lip breathing
Why this is the answer
Pursed-lip breathing means breathing in through the nose and out slowly through pursed lips. It helps keep the airways open longer and empties the lungs better.
Answer
A · Pursed-lip breathing
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: C · Move her up with a lift sheet and a helper, and check the care plan
Why this is the answer
Using a lift sheet with another staff member moves the resident without dragging her skin. The care plan guides the head-of-bed angle and positioning aids. Pulling by the arms can injure the shoulders, and tying her is a restraint.
Answer
C · Move her up with a lift sheet and a helper, and check the care plan
3.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: m = 3.47 kg
Household measures and weight: nursing exams use rounded equivalents: 1 teaspoon (tsp) = 5 mL, 1 tablespoon (tbsp) = 15 mL = 3 tsp, 1 fluid ounce (fl oz) = 30 mL = 2 tbsp, and 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL. For weight, 1 kg = 2.2 lb and 1 lb = 16 oz; for length, 1 inch = 2.54 cm. Set the conversion up so that the unit you do not want cancels out.
Ounces to pounds
10 oz/16 = 0.625 lb
7 + 0.625 = 7.625 lb
Pounds to kilograms
m = 7.625/2.2 = 3.466 ≈ 3.47 kg
Answer
m = 3.47 kg
4.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: D = 53.4 mg/h
Dimensional analysis: write the given quantity, then multiply by conversion factors written as fractions (for example 60 min/1 h or 1 mg/1000 mcg) so that each unwanted unit appears once on top and once underneath and cancels. When only the wanted unit is left, calculate. Use the equivalents the question gives and round only the final answer.
Set up the chain
D = 10 mcg/kg/min × 89 kg × (60 min/1 h) × (1 mg/1000 mcg)
Calculate
D = 10·89·60/1000 = 53.4 mg/h
Answer
D = 53.4 mg/h
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