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1Formulas and methods
Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Method
Check whether the resident is in danger right now (not breathing, choking, a fall, chest pain, stroke signs); if so, keep them safe and get the nurse at once.
Ask whether the task is within the nursing assistant’s scope and training; if not, decline politely and tell the nurse.
Respect the resident’s rights: privacy, choice, refusal of care, dignity and freedom from abuse and unneeded restraints.
Apply the basic rules: hand hygiene, body mechanics, bed low and call light within reach, weak side first when dressing.
Observe and report: compare with the resident’s usual state and report changes promptly and objectively.
Nursing math & unit conversions
Metric steps
1 kg = 1000 g, 1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg, 1 L = 1000 mL
Weight and length
1 kg = 2.2 lb, 1 lb = 16 oz, 1 in = 2.54 cm, 1 ft = 12 in
Household measures
1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL
Write the given quantity with its unit and the unit you want.
Pick the equivalent: 1000 between kg, g, mg and mcg or L and mL; 1 kg = 2.2 lb; 1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 240 mL.
Write it as a fraction so that the unwanted unit cancels; for a rate, use one fraction per unit that changes.
Check the direction: a smaller unit gives a bigger number.
Round only the final answer, to the precision the question names.
2Practice problems
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeMedium
A resident is receiving a tube feeding. How should the head of the bed be positioned?
ALowered below the level of the feet
BFlat, with the resident lying on the back
CRaised, usually at least 30 degrees
DRaised only during the night
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeHard
A resident with a do-not-resuscitate (DNR) order starts choking on food at lunch and cannot speak. What should the nursing assistant do?
AWait for the nurse to read the DNR order before doing anything
BGive abdominal thrusts and call for help; DNR does not forbid this
CGive the resident water to wash the food down
DDo nothing, because the DNR order means no emergency care at all
3.Nursing math & unit conversionsMedium
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). A dose is charted at 11:35 PM. Which entry is the same time on the 24-hour clock? Click it.
11:35 PM
123:35
200:35
311:35
422:35
4.Nursing math & unit conversionsHard
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). During a shift a patient takes ½ cup of tea, 1 fl oz of juice, 1 tbsp of liquid supplement, 1½ tsp of cough syrup. Using the equivalents given, find the total oral intake V in mL.
1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL1 fl oz = 30 mL1 tbsp = 15 mL1 tsp = 5 mL
V = mL
3Solutions
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: C · Raised, usually at least 30 degrees
Why this is the answer
The head of the bed is kept raised, usually 30 degrees or more, during the feeding and for a time afterward to reduce the risk of aspiration. The nursing assistant does not adjust the tube or the pump.
Answer
C · Raised, usually at least 30 degrees
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: B · Give abdominal thrusts and call for help; DNR does not forbid this
Why this is the answer
A DNR order means no CPR if the heart or breathing stops. It does not mean "do not treat", so a choking resident still receives abdominal thrusts and other emergency care. Help is called at once.
Answer
B · Give abdominal thrusts and call for help; DNR does not forbid this
3.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: 23:35
24-hour clock: from 1 PM onwards add 12 to the hour (3:45 PM = 15:45). Midnight to 12:59 AM is 00:00–00:59, and 12:00–12:59 PM stays 12:00–12:59. Going back, subtract 12 from hours 13–23 and add PM; hours 00 become 12 AM. Count time across midnight in two parts: up to 24:00 (00:00), then from 00:00 on.
Convert the hour
11 PM → 11 + 12 = 23
Answer
23:35
Answer
23:35
4.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: V = 172.5 mL
Household measures and weight: nursing exams use rounded equivalents: 1 teaspoon (tsp) = 5 mL, 1 tablespoon (tbsp) = 15 mL = 3 tsp, 1 fluid ounce (fl oz) = 30 mL = 2 tbsp, and 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL. For weight, 1 kg = 2.2 lb and 1 lb = 16 oz; for length, 1 inch = 2.54 cm. Set the conversion up so that the unit you do not want cancels out.
Each item in mL
½ cup = 0.5·240 = 120 mL
1 fl oz = 1·30 = 30 mL
1 tbsp = 1·15 = 15 mL
1½ tsp = 1.5·5 = 7.5 mL
Add
V = 120 + 30 + 15 + 7.5 = 172.5 mL
Answer
V = 172.5 mL
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