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1Formulas and methods
Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Method
Check whether the resident is in danger right now (not breathing, choking, a fall, chest pain, stroke signs); if so, keep them safe and get the nurse at once.
Ask whether the task is within the nursing assistant’s scope and training; if not, decline politely and tell the nurse.
Respect the resident’s rights: privacy, choice, refusal of care, dignity and freedom from abuse and unneeded restraints.
Apply the basic rules: hand hygiene, body mechanics, bed low and call light within reach, weak side first when dressing.
Observe and report: compare with the resident’s usual state and report changes promptly and objectively.
Nursing math & unit conversions
Metric steps
1 kg = 1000 g, 1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg, 1 L = 1000 mL
Weight and length
1 kg = 2.2 lb, 1 lb = 16 oz, 1 in = 2.54 cm, 1 ft = 12 in
Household measures
1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL
Write the given quantity with its unit and the unit you want.
Pick the equivalent: 1000 between kg, g, mg and mcg or L and mL; 1 kg = 2.2 lb; 1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 240 mL.
Write it as a fraction so that the unwanted unit cancels; for a rate, use one fraction per unit that changes.
Check the direction: a smaller unit gives a bigger number.
Round only the final answer, to the precision the question names.
2Practice problems
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeMedium
Which measure often helps a resident with osteoarthritis?
ALifting heavy weights to strengthen the joints
BComplete bed rest for several weeks
CKeeping the painful joints still in one position all day long
DWarm baths or showers and gentle range-of-motion exercise
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeHard
Before lunch, a resident who has diabetes is pale, sweaty, shaky and confused. What should the nursing assistant do?
AStay with the resident and get the nurse at once
BLet the resident sleep until lunch arrives
CLeave the resident alone in the room while finding a snack
DTake the resident's temperature and record it at the end of the shift
3.Nursing math & unit conversionsMedium
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). A dose calculation for a small injection gives 0.69218 mL. The rule in this exercise is that volumes below 1 mL are rounded to the nearest hundredth of a mL. What value x do you record?
0.69218 mL
x = mL
4.Nursing math & unit conversionsHard
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). A maintenance infusion runs at 100 mL/h without a break. How many litres V does it deliver in 24 hours?
100 mL/h24 h
V = L
3Solutions
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: D · Warm baths or showers and gentle range-of-motion exercise
Why this is the answer
Osteoarthritis causes joint pain and stiffness. Warmth, gentle exercise, rest periods, assistive devices and pain relief as ordered help keep the joints moving. Long periods without movement increase stiffness.
Answer
D · Warm baths or showers and gentle range-of-motion exercise
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: A · Stay with the resident and get the nurse at once
Why this is the answer
Shakiness, sweating, pallor and confusion suggest hypoglycemia, which can quickly become an emergency. The nursing assistant stays with the resident, calls the nurse immediately and follows the nurse's instructions, for example about giving a sugary drink.
Answer
A · Stay with the resident and get the nurse at once
3.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: x = 0.69 mL
Rounding: look at the digit just after the place you round to: 5 or more rounds up, 4 or less leaves the digit as it is. Round only the final answer, never the steps. Typical exam rules: volumes of 1 mL or more to the nearest tenth, volumes below 1 mL to the nearest hundredth, drip rates to whole drops and weights to one decimal place; always follow the rule the question states.
Digit in the hundredths place
0.69218 → 9
Only the next digit decides
0.69218 → 2
2 is 4 or less, so 9 stays.
The digits after it (18) are ignored: round once, never step by step.
Round
x = 0.69 mL
Answer
x = 0.69 mL
4.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: V = 2.4 L
Dimensional analysis: write the given quantity, then multiply by conversion factors written as fractions (for example 60 min/1 h or 1 mg/1000 mcg) so that each unwanted unit appears once on top and once underneath and cancels. When only the wanted unit is left, calculate. Use the equivalents the question gives and round only the final answer.
Volume in a day
100 mL/h × 24 h = 2400 mL
In litres
V = 2400/1000 = 2.4 L
Answer
V = 2.4 L
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