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1Formulas and methods
Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Method
Check whether the resident is in danger right now (not breathing, choking, a fall, chest pain, stroke signs); if so, keep them safe and get the nurse at once.
Ask whether the task is within the nursing assistant’s scope and training; if not, decline politely and tell the nurse.
Respect the resident’s rights: privacy, choice, refusal of care, dignity and freedom from abuse and unneeded restraints.
Apply the basic rules: hand hygiene, body mechanics, bed low and call light within reach, weak side first when dressing.
Observe and report: compare with the resident’s usual state and report changes promptly and objectively.
Nursing math & unit conversions
Metric steps
1 kg = 1000 g, 1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg, 1 L = 1000 mL
Weight and length
1 kg = 2.2 lb, 1 lb = 16 oz, 1 in = 2.54 cm, 1 ft = 12 in
Household measures
1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL
Write the given quantity with its unit and the unit you want.
Pick the equivalent: 1000 between kg, g, mg and mcg or L and mL; 1 kg = 2.2 lb; 1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 240 mL.
Write it as a fraction so that the unwanted unit cancels; for a rate, use one fraction per unit that changes.
Check the direction: a smaller unit gives a bigger number.
Round only the final answer, to the precision the question names.
2Practice problems
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeMedium
With aging, which kind of sounds are often the first to become hard to hear?
ALow-pitched sounds
BHigh-pitched sounds
CLoud sounds
DThe person's own voice
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeHard
A resident who is ordered thickened liquids asks for a cup of regular coffee. What should the nursing assistant do?
AGive a small cup of regular coffee as a treat
BRefuse any coffee for the rest of the day
CExplain the diet order, offer thickened coffee and tell the nurse if the resident disagrees
DGive the regular coffee through a straw
3.Nursing math & unit conversionsMedium
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). A patient is 160 cm tall. Using 1 in = 2.54 cm, find the height h in inches. Round to one decimal place.
160 cm1 in = 2.54 cm
h = in
4.Nursing math & unit conversionsHard
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). During a shift a patient takes 1½ tsp of cough syrup, ½ fl oz of juice, 3 tbsp of liquid supplement, 1 cup of tea. Using the equivalents given, find the total oral intake V in mL.
1 tsp = 5 mL1 fl oz = 30 mL1 tbsp = 15 mL1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL
V = mL
3Solutions
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: B · High-pitched sounds
Why this is the answer
Age-related hearing loss usually affects high-pitched sounds first. Speaking clearly, in a lower pitch and facing the resident helps more than shouting.
Answer
B · High-pitched sounds
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: C · Explain the diet order, offer thickened coffee and tell the nurse if the resident disagrees
Why this is the answer
Thin liquids may be aspirated by a resident with dysphagia, so the ordered consistency is followed. The nursing assistant offers a safe version and reports the resident's wishes so the care team can discuss choices and risks with them. Straws can make aspiration more likely.
Answer
C · Explain the diet order, offer thickened coffee and tell the nurse if the resident disagrees
3.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: h = 63 in
Household measures and weight: nursing exams use rounded equivalents: 1 teaspoon (tsp) = 5 mL, 1 tablespoon (tbsp) = 15 mL = 3 tsp, 1 fluid ounce (fl oz) = 30 mL = 2 tbsp, and 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL. For weight, 1 kg = 2.2 lb and 1 lb = 16 oz; for length, 1 inch = 2.54 cm. Set the conversion up so that the unit you do not want cancels out.
Centimetres to inches
h = 160/2.54 = 62.99 ≈ 63 in
Answer
h = 63 in
4.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: V = 307.5 mL
Household measures and weight: nursing exams use rounded equivalents: 1 teaspoon (tsp) = 5 mL, 1 tablespoon (tbsp) = 15 mL = 3 tsp, 1 fluid ounce (fl oz) = 30 mL = 2 tbsp, and 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL. For weight, 1 kg = 2.2 lb and 1 lb = 16 oz; for length, 1 inch = 2.54 cm. Set the conversion up so that the unit you do not want cancels out.
Each item in mL
1½ tsp = 1.5·5 = 7.5 mL
½ fl oz = 0.5·30 = 15 mL
3 tbsp = 3·15 = 45 mL
1 cup = 1·240 = 240 mL
Add
V = 7.5 + 15 + 45 + 240 = 307.5 mL
Answer
V = 307.5 mL
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