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1Formulas and methods
Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Method
Check whether the resident is in danger right now (not breathing, choking, a fall, chest pain, stroke signs); if so, keep them safe and get the nurse at once.
Ask whether the task is within the nursing assistant’s scope and training; if not, decline politely and tell the nurse.
Respect the resident’s rights: privacy, choice, refusal of care, dignity and freedom from abuse and unneeded restraints.
Apply the basic rules: hand hygiene, body mechanics, bed low and call light within reach, weak side first when dressing.
Observe and report: compare with the resident’s usual state and report changes promptly and objectively.
Nursing math & unit conversions
Metric steps
1 kg = 1000 g, 1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg, 1 L = 1000 mL
Weight and length
1 kg = 2.2 lb, 1 lb = 16 oz, 1 in = 2.54 cm, 1 ft = 12 in
Household measures
1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL
Write the given quantity with its unit and the unit you want.
Pick the equivalent: 1000 between kg, g, mg and mcg or L and mL; 1 kg = 2.2 lb; 1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 240 mL.
Write it as a fraction so that the unwanted unit cancels; for a rate, use one fraction per unit that changes.
Check the direction: a smaller unit gives a bigger number.
Round only the final answer, to the precision the question names.
2Practice problems
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeMedium
How are a resident's eyeglasses usually cleaned?
AWith alcohol hand rub, then left to air-dry
BWith hot water and a scrub brush
CWith water or lens cleaner and a soft cloth
DRubbed with a dry paper towel from the dispenser
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeHard
A resident says her knee hurts. Which information is most useful to report to the nurse?
AYour own opinion that the pain cannot be very severe, because she is smiling
BOnly that she has pain, since the nurse will ask the details later
CThat she often complains about pain and probably wants attention
DWhere it hurts, how bad it is (0–10), what it feels like and when it began
3.Nursing math & unit conversionsMedium
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). A newborn weighs 8 lb 11 oz. Using 1 lb = 16 oz and 1 kg = 2.2 lb, find the weight m in kilograms. Round to two decimal places.
8 lb 11 oz1 lb = 16 oz1 kg = 2.2 lb
m = kg
4.Nursing math & unit conversionsHard
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). An infusion starts at 20:15 and finishes at 05:15 the next morning (24-hour clock). How many hours t did it run? Give the answer in hours as a decimal, rounded to two decimal places.
20:1505:15
t = h
3Solutions
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: C · With water or lens cleaner and a soft cloth
Why this is the answer
Eyeglasses are cleaned with water or a lens cleaner and dried with a soft, lint-free cloth. Paper towels can scratch the lenses, and very hot water can damage some frames and lenses.
Answer
C · With water or lens cleaner and a soft cloth
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: D · Where it hurts, how bad it is (0–10), what it feels like and when it began
Why this is the answer
Useful pain reports include location, intensity, type (for example sharp or aching), when it started and what makes it better or worse. Pain is what the resident says it is, so personal opinions are not reported as facts.
Answer
D · Where it hurts, how bad it is (0–10), what it feels like and when it began
3.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: m = 3.95 kg
Household measures and weight: nursing exams use rounded equivalents: 1 teaspoon (tsp) = 5 mL, 1 tablespoon (tbsp) = 15 mL = 3 tsp, 1 fluid ounce (fl oz) = 30 mL = 2 tbsp, and 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL. For weight, 1 kg = 2.2 lb and 1 lb = 16 oz; for length, 1 inch = 2.54 cm. Set the conversion up so that the unit you do not want cancels out.
Ounces to pounds
11 oz/16 = 0.6875 lb
8 + 0.6875 = 8.688 lb
Pounds to kilograms
m = 8.688/2.2 = 3.949 ≈ 3.95 kg
Answer
m = 3.95 kg
4.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: t = 9 h
24-hour clock: from 1 PM onwards add 12 to the hour (3:45 PM = 15:45). Midnight to 12:59 AM is 00:00–00:59, and 12:00–12:59 PM stays 12:00–12:59. Going back, subtract 12 from hours 13–23 and add PM; hours 00 become 12 AM. Count time across midnight in two parts: up to 24:00 (00:00), then from 00:00 on.
Before midnight
20:15 → 24:00 = 225 min
After midnight
00:00 → 05:15 = 315 min
Total
225 + 315 = 540 min
t = 540/60 = 9 h
Answer
t = 9 h
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