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1Formulas and methods
Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Method
Check whether the resident is in danger right now (not breathing, choking, a fall, chest pain, stroke signs); if so, keep them safe and get the nurse at once.
Ask whether the task is within the nursing assistant’s scope and training; if not, decline politely and tell the nurse.
Respect the resident’s rights: privacy, choice, refusal of care, dignity and freedom from abuse and unneeded restraints.
Apply the basic rules: hand hygiene, body mechanics, bed low and call light within reach, weak side first when dressing.
Observe and report: compare with the resident’s usual state and report changes promptly and objectively.
Nursing math & unit conversions
Metric steps
1 kg = 1000 g, 1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg, 1 L = 1000 mL
Weight and length
1 kg = 2.2 lb, 1 lb = 16 oz, 1 in = 2.54 cm, 1 ft = 12 in
Household measures
1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL
Write the given quantity with its unit and the unit you want.
Pick the equivalent: 1000 between kg, g, mg and mcg or L and mL; 1 kg = 2.2 lb; 1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 240 mL.
Write it as a fraction so that the unwanted unit cancels; for a rate, use one fraction per unit that changes.
Check the direction: a smaller unit gives a bigger number.
Round only the final answer, to the precision the question names.
2Practice problems
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeMedium
Which sense is thought to remain the longest in a dying person?
ASight
BSmell
CHearing
DTaste
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeHard
A resident with severe arthritis knows when she needs to urinate but often wets herself because she cannot reach the bathroom in time. Which approach helps most?
AAnswer her call quickly and keep a commode within reach
BTell her to wait for the scheduled toileting round
CLimit her fluids to one glass a day
DPut her in an incontinence brief and change it once a shift
3.Nursing math & unit conversionsMedium
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). A drip-rate calculation gives 195.931 gtt/min. The rule in this exercise is that drip rates are rounded to the nearest whole drop. What value x do you record?
195.931 gtt/min
x = gtt/min
4.Nursing math & unit conversionsHard
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). An infusion starts at 23:15 and finishes at 05:50 the next morning (24-hour clock). How many hours t did it run? Give the answer in hours as a decimal, rounded to two decimal places.
23:1505:50
t = h
3Solutions
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: C · Hearing
Why this is the answer
Hearing is thought to be one of the last senses lost, so staff speak to the dying resident, explain care and avoid saying things they would not want the resident to hear. Families are encouraged to talk to them too.
Answer
C · Hearing
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: A · Answer her call quickly and keep a commode within reach
Why this is the answer
This is functional incontinence: the bladder works but a physical or mental limitation stops the resident from reaching the toilet in time. Prompt help, easy-to-remove clothing and a nearby commode or urinal reduce accidents.
Answer
A · Answer her call quickly and keep a commode within reach
3.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: x = 196 gtt/min
Rounding: look at the digit just after the place you round to: 5 or more rounds up, 4 or less leaves the digit as it is. Round only the final answer, never the steps. Typical exam rules: volumes of 1 mL or more to the nearest tenth, volumes below 1 mL to the nearest hundredth, drip rates to whole drops and weights to one decimal place; always follow the rule the question states.
Digit in the ones place
195.931 → 5
Only the next digit decides
195.931 → 9
9 is 5 or more, so round 5 up.
The digits after it (31) are ignored: round once, never step by step.
Round
x = 196 gtt/min
Answer
x = 196 gtt/min
4.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: t = 6.58 h
24-hour clock: from 1 PM onwards add 12 to the hour (3:45 PM = 15:45). Midnight to 12:59 AM is 00:00–00:59, and 12:00–12:59 PM stays 12:00–12:59. Going back, subtract 12 from hours 13–23 and add PM; hours 00 become 12 AM. Count time across midnight in two parts: up to 24:00 (00:00), then from 00:00 on.
Before midnight
23:15 → 24:00 = 45 min
After midnight
00:00 → 05:50 = 350 min
Total
45 + 350 = 395 min
t = 395/60 = 6.583 ≈ 6.58 h
Answer
t = 6.58 h
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