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1Formulas and methods
Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Method
Check whether the resident is in danger right now (not breathing, choking, a fall, chest pain, stroke signs); if so, keep them safe and get the nurse at once.
Ask whether the task is within the nursing assistant’s scope and training; if not, decline politely and tell the nurse.
Respect the resident’s rights: privacy, choice, refusal of care, dignity and freedom from abuse and unneeded restraints.
Apply the basic rules: hand hygiene, body mechanics, bed low and call light within reach, weak side first when dressing.
Observe and report: compare with the resident’s usual state and report changes promptly and objectively.
Nursing math & unit conversions
Metric steps
1 kg = 1000 g, 1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg, 1 L = 1000 mL
Weight and length
1 kg = 2.2 lb, 1 lb = 16 oz, 1 in = 2.54 cm, 1 ft = 12 in
Household measures
1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL
Write the given quantity with its unit and the unit you want.
Pick the equivalent: 1000 between kg, g, mg and mcg or L and mL; 1 kg = 2.2 lb; 1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 240 mL.
Write it as a fraction so that the unwanted unit cancels; for a rate, use one fraction per unit that changes.
Check the direction: a smaller unit gives a bigger number.
Round only the final answer, to the precision the question names.
2Practice problems
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeMedium
A resident has aphasia after a stroke and has trouble finding words. Which approach helps communication?
AAvoid talking to the resident so they do not become frustrated
BUse simple yes-or-no questions, gestures or a picture board
CFinish every sentence for the resident to save time
DSpeak loudly, because aphasia is a kind of hearing loss
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeHard
A resident has severe osteoporosis. Which practice is most important during her care?
AMove her quickly to finish care in less time
BEncourage her to lift heavy objects each day to build bone strength
CMove and turn her gently, with enough help, to prevent fractures
DKeep her in bed at all times so her bones rest
3.Nursing math & unit conversionsMedium
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). A newborn weighs 7 lb 2 oz. Using 1 lb = 16 oz and 1 kg = 2.2 lb, find the weight m in kilograms. Round to two decimal places.
7 lb 2 oz1 lb = 16 oz1 kg = 2.2 lb
m = kg
4.Nursing math & unit conversionsHard
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). An infusion starts at 19:00 and finishes at 03:55 the next morning (24-hour clock). How many minutes t did it run?
19:0003:55
t = min
3Solutions
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: B · Use simple yes-or-no questions, gestures or a picture board
Why this is the answer
Short questions with yes-or-no answers, gestures, pictures and communication boards help. Give the resident time to answer, and do not talk to them as if they were a child.
Answer
B · Use simple yes-or-no questions, gestures or a picture board
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: C · Move and turn her gently, with enough help, to prevent fractures
Why this is the answer
Osteoporosis makes bones porous and fragile, so they can break with little force. Gentle handling, enough staff, lift sheets and fall prevention protect her. Activity as ordered still helps keep bones and muscles strong.
Answer
C · Move and turn her gently, with enough help, to prevent fractures
3.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: m = 3.24 kg
Household measures and weight: nursing exams use rounded equivalents: 1 teaspoon (tsp) = 5 mL, 1 tablespoon (tbsp) = 15 mL = 3 tsp, 1 fluid ounce (fl oz) = 30 mL = 2 tbsp, and 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL. For weight, 1 kg = 2.2 lb and 1 lb = 16 oz; for length, 1 inch = 2.54 cm. Set the conversion up so that the unit you do not want cancels out.
Ounces to pounds
2 oz/16 = 0.125 lb
7 + 0.125 = 7.125 lb
Pounds to kilograms
m = 7.125/2.2 = 3.239 ≈ 3.24 kg
Answer
m = 3.24 kg
4.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: t = 535 min
24-hour clock: from 1 PM onwards add 12 to the hour (3:45 PM = 15:45). Midnight to 12:59 AM is 00:00–00:59, and 12:00–12:59 PM stays 12:00–12:59. Going back, subtract 12 from hours 13–23 and add PM; hours 00 become 12 AM. Count time across midnight in two parts: up to 24:00 (00:00), then from 00:00 on.
Before midnight
19:00 → 24:00 = 300 min
After midnight
00:00 → 03:55 = 235 min
Total
t = 300 + 235 = 535 min
Answer
t = 535 min
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