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1Formulas and methods
Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Method
Check whether the resident is in danger right now (not breathing, choking, a fall, chest pain, stroke signs); if so, keep them safe and get the nurse at once.
Ask whether the task is within the nursing assistant’s scope and training; if not, decline politely and tell the nurse.
Respect the resident’s rights: privacy, choice, refusal of care, dignity and freedom from abuse and unneeded restraints.
Apply the basic rules: hand hygiene, body mechanics, bed low and call light within reach, weak side first when dressing.
Observe and report: compare with the resident’s usual state and report changes promptly and objectively.
Nursing math & unit conversions
Metric steps
1 kg = 1000 g, 1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg, 1 L = 1000 mL
Weight and length
1 kg = 2.2 lb, 1 lb = 16 oz, 1 in = 2.54 cm, 1 ft = 12 in
Household measures
1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL
Write the given quantity with its unit and the unit you want.
Pick the equivalent: 1000 between kg, g, mg and mcg or L and mL; 1 kg = 2.2 lb; 1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 240 mL.
Write it as a fraction so that the unwanted unit cancels; for a rate, use one fraction per unit that changes.
Check the direction: a smaller unit gives a bigger number.
Round only the final answer, to the precision the question names.
2Practice problems
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeMedium
A resident refuses a shower. What should the nursing assistant do?
ASkip the shower without telling anyone
BAsk the family to persuade the resident to agree
CGive the shower anyway, because it is on the care plan
DRespect the refusal, ask about the reason, offer another option and tell the nurse
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeHard
During morning care, a usually talkative resident is quiet, her face is flushed and her skin feels hot. What should the nursing assistant report?
AThat the resident is in a bad mood today and does not want to talk
BThat the resident probably has the flu and should stay in her room
CNothing yet, because she may simply be tired from a poor night's sleep
DHer change in behavior, flushed face, hot skin and temperature if taken
3.Nursing math & unit conversionsMedium
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). A patient’s temperature is 102.6 °F. Convert it to degrees Celsius T with °C = (°F − 32) × 5/9. Round to one decimal place.
102.6 °F
T = °C
4.Nursing math & unit conversionsHard
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). A haemoglobin result is 115 g/L. Express it in g/dL Hb.
115 g/L1 L = 10 dL
Hb = g/dL
3Solutions
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: D · Respect the refusal, ask about the reason, offer another option and tell the nurse
Why this is the answer
Residents may refuse care. The nursing assistant asks why (pain, cold, fear, preference), offers alternatives such as a bed bath or another time, and reports the refusal so the nurse can follow up. Forcing care can be abuse.
Answer
D · Respect the refusal, ask about the reason, offer another option and tell the nurse
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: D · Her change in behavior, flushed face, hot skin and temperature if taken
Why this is the answer
A change from a resident's usual behavior, together with flushed, hot skin, may signal fever or illness. The nursing assistant reports the observations factually, including measured vital signs, without guessing the diagnosis.
Answer
D · Her change in behavior, flushed face, hot skin and temperature if taken
3.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: T = 39.2 °C
Temperature: °C = (°F − 32) × 5/9 and °F = °C × 9/5 + 32. Subtract 32 before you multiply when going from °F, and add 32 after you multiply when going from °C. A quick check: 37 °C is 98.6 °F, and every 1 °C is 1.8 °F.
Subtract 32
102.6 − 32 = 70.6
Multiply by 5/9
T = 70.6·5/9 = 39.22 ≈ 39.2 °C
Answer
T = 39.2 °C
4.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: Hb = 11.5 g/dL
Dimensional analysis: write the given quantity, then multiply by conversion factors written as fractions (for example 60 min/1 h or 1 mg/1000 mcg) so that each unwanted unit appears once on top and once underneath and cancels. When only the wanted unit is left, calculate. Use the equivalents the question gives and round only the final answer.
Convert
Hb = 115 g/L × (1 L/10 dL) = 11.5 g/dL
Answer
Hb = 11.5 g/dL
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