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1Formulas and methods
Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Method
Check whether the resident is in danger right now (not breathing, choking, a fall, chest pain, stroke signs); if so, keep them safe and get the nurse at once.
Ask whether the task is within the nursing assistant’s scope and training; if not, decline politely and tell the nurse.
Respect the resident’s rights: privacy, choice, refusal of care, dignity and freedom from abuse and unneeded restraints.
Apply the basic rules: hand hygiene, body mechanics, bed low and call light within reach, weak side first when dressing.
Observe and report: compare with the resident’s usual state and report changes promptly and objectively.
Nursing math & unit conversions
Metric steps
1 kg = 1000 g, 1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg, 1 L = 1000 mL
Weight and length
1 kg = 2.2 lb, 1 lb = 16 oz, 1 in = 2.54 cm, 1 ft = 12 in
Household measures
1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL
Write the given quantity with its unit and the unit you want.
Pick the equivalent: 1000 between kg, g, mg and mcg or L and mL; 1 kg = 2.2 lb; 1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 240 mL.
Write it as a fraction so that the unwanted unit cancels; for a rate, use one fraction per unit that changes.
Check the direction: a smaller unit gives a bigger number.
Round only the final answer, to the precision the question names.
2Practice problems
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeMedium
A resident refuses a shower. What should the nursing assistant do?
AAsk the family to persuade the resident to agree
BGive the shower anyway, because it is on the care plan
CSkip the shower without telling anyone
DRespect the refusal, ask about the reason, offer another option and tell the nurse
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeHard
A resident's catheter bag has only about 50 mL of dark urine after the whole shift; usually it holds about 600 mL. What should the nursing assistant do first?
ACheck that the tubing is not kinked or under the resident, then report to the nurse
BRecord the amount as usual without reporting it
CEncourage the resident to drink and recheck at the next shift
DDisconnect the tubing to see whether urine flows freely
3.Nursing math & unit conversionsMedium
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). A patient’s temperature is 99.8 °F. Convert it to degrees Celsius T with °C = (°F − 32) × 5/9. Round to one decimal place.
99.8 °F
T = °C
4.Nursing math & unit conversionsHard
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). During a shift a patient takes 3 tbsp of liquid supplement, 1 tsp of cough syrup, 2 fl oz of juice. Using the equivalents given, find the total oral intake V in mL.
1 tbsp = 15 mL1 tsp = 5 mL1 fl oz = 30 mL
V = mL
3Solutions
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: D · Respect the refusal, ask about the reason, offer another option and tell the nurse
Why this is the answer
Residents may refuse care. The nursing assistant asks why (pain, cold, fear, preference), offers alternatives such as a bed bath or another time, and reports the refusal so the nurse can follow up. Forcing care can be abuse.
Answer
D · Respect the refusal, ask about the reason, offer another option and tell the nurse
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: A · Check that the tubing is not kinked or under the resident, then report to the nurse
Why this is the answer
A kink or a resident lying on the tubing can stop drainage, so the nursing assistant checks the tubing and the bag position. Very low or dark output is still reported to the nurse promptly. The closed system is never disconnected.
Answer
A · Check that the tubing is not kinked or under the resident, then report to the nurse
3.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: T = 37.7 °C
Temperature: °C = (°F − 32) × 5/9 and °F = °C × 9/5 + 32. Subtract 32 before you multiply when going from °F, and add 32 after you multiply when going from °C. A quick check: 37 °C is 98.6 °F, and every 1 °C is 1.8 °F.
Subtract 32
99.8 − 32 = 67.8
Multiply by 5/9
T = 67.8·5/9 = 37.67 ≈ 37.7 °C
Answer
T = 37.7 °C
4.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: V = 110 mL
Household measures and weight: nursing exams use rounded equivalents: 1 teaspoon (tsp) = 5 mL, 1 tablespoon (tbsp) = 15 mL = 3 tsp, 1 fluid ounce (fl oz) = 30 mL = 2 tbsp, and 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL. For weight, 1 kg = 2.2 lb and 1 lb = 16 oz; for length, 1 inch = 2.54 cm. Set the conversion up so that the unit you do not want cancels out.
Each item in mL
3 tbsp = 3·15 = 45 mL
1 tsp = 1·5 = 5 mL
2 fl oz = 2·30 = 60 mL
Add
V = 45 + 5 + 60 = 110 mL
Answer
V = 110 mL
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