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1Formulas and methods
Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Method
Check whether the resident is in danger right now (not breathing, choking, a fall, chest pain, stroke signs); if so, keep them safe and get the nurse at once.
Ask whether the task is within the nursing assistant’s scope and training; if not, decline politely and tell the nurse.
Respect the resident’s rights: privacy, choice, refusal of care, dignity and freedom from abuse and unneeded restraints.
Apply the basic rules: hand hygiene, body mechanics, bed low and call light within reach, weak side first when dressing.
Observe and report: compare with the resident’s usual state and report changes promptly and objectively.
Nursing math & unit conversions
Metric steps
1 kg = 1000 g, 1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg, 1 L = 1000 mL
Weight and length
1 kg = 2.2 lb, 1 lb = 16 oz, 1 in = 2.54 cm, 1 ft = 12 in
Household measures
1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL
Write the given quantity with its unit and the unit you want.
Pick the equivalent: 1000 between kg, g, mg and mcg or L and mL; 1 kg = 2.2 lb; 1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 240 mL.
Write it as a fraction so that the unwanted unit cancels; for a rate, use one fraction per unit that changes.
Check the direction: a smaller unit gives a bigger number.
Round only the final answer, to the precision the question names.
2Practice problems
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeMedium
When a new resident is admitted, which task is often done by the nursing assistant?
AExplaining the resident's diagnosis to the family
BDeciding which medicines the resident will take each day
CWriting the resident's care plan and the first nursing assessment
DMeasuring height, weight and vital signs and listing belongings
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeHard
A nursing assistant finds a resident unresponsive and not breathing normally. There is no DNR order. What should the nursing assistant do first?
ALeave the resident to look for the resident's chart
BWait a few minutes to see if breathing returns
CGive the resident a glass of water
DCall for help and start CPR if trained
3.Nursing math & unit conversionsMedium
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). A dose calculation for an injection gives 14.9894 mL. The rule in this exercise is that volumes of 1 mL or more are rounded to the nearest tenth of a mL. What value x do you record?
14.9894 mL
x = mL
4.Nursing math & unit conversionsHard
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). An infusion starts at 23:20 and finishes at 07:15 the next morning (24-hour clock). How many minutes t did it run?
23:2007:15
t = min
3Solutions
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: D · Measuring height, weight and vital signs and listing belongings
Why this is the answer
On admission, nursing assistants often take baseline measurements, list belongings on an inventory form and help the resident settle in. The nurse assesses the resident and plans care.
Answer
D · Measuring height, weight and vital signs and listing belongings
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: D · Call for help and start CPR if trained
Why this is the answer
For an unresponsive person who is not breathing normally, the rescuer calls for help, activates the emergency system and, if trained, begins CPR right away. An AED is used as soon as it is available.
Answer
D · Call for help and start CPR if trained
3.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: x = 15 mL
Rounding: look at the digit just after the place you round to: 5 or more rounds up, 4 or less leaves the digit as it is. Round only the final answer, never the steps. Typical exam rules: volumes of 1 mL or more to the nearest tenth, volumes below 1 mL to the nearest hundredth, drip rates to whole drops and weights to one decimal place; always follow the rule the question states.
Digit in the tenths place
14.9894 → 9
Only the next digit decides
14.9894 → 8
8 is 5 or more, so round 9 up.
The digits after it (94) are ignored: round once, never step by step.
Round
x = 15 mL
Answer
x = 15 mL
4.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: t = 475 min
24-hour clock: from 1 PM onwards add 12 to the hour (3:45 PM = 15:45). Midnight to 12:59 AM is 00:00–00:59, and 12:00–12:59 PM stays 12:00–12:59. Going back, subtract 12 from hours 13–23 and add PM; hours 00 become 12 AM. Count time across midnight in two parts: up to 24:00 (00:00), then from 00:00 on.
Before midnight
23:20 → 24:00 = 40 min
After midnight
00:00 → 07:15 = 435 min
Total
t = 40 + 435 = 475 min
Answer
t = 475 min
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