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1Formulas and methods
Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Method
Check whether the resident is in danger right now (not breathing, choking, a fall, chest pain, stroke signs); if so, keep them safe and get the nurse at once.
Ask whether the task is within the nursing assistant’s scope and training; if not, decline politely and tell the nurse.
Respect the resident’s rights: privacy, choice, refusal of care, dignity and freedom from abuse and unneeded restraints.
Apply the basic rules: hand hygiene, body mechanics, bed low and call light within reach, weak side first when dressing.
Observe and report: compare with the resident’s usual state and report changes promptly and objectively.
Nursing math & unit conversions
Metric steps
1 kg = 1000 g, 1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg, 1 L = 1000 mL
Weight and length
1 kg = 2.2 lb, 1 lb = 16 oz, 1 in = 2.54 cm, 1 ft = 12 in
Household measures
1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL
Write the given quantity with its unit and the unit you want.
Pick the equivalent: 1000 between kg, g, mg and mcg or L and mL; 1 kg = 2.2 lb; 1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 240 mL.
Write it as a fraction so that the unwanted unit cancels; for a rate, use one fraction per unit that changes.
Check the direction: a smaller unit gives a bigger number.
Round only the final answer, to the precision the question names.
2Practice problems
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeMedium
Before surgery, which items are usually removed from the resident?
AJewelry, dentures, glasses and hairpins, as instructed
BThe anti-embolism stockings that the doctor has ordered
CThe identification band and the allergy band
DThe hospital gown and all of the bed covers
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeHard
While being fed, a resident coughs after each sip and his voice sounds wet and gurgly. What should the nursing assistant do?
AStop feeding, keep him upright and report it to the nurse
BSpeed up the feeding so the meal is over before he tires out
CGive more fluid to wash the food down
DLower the head of the bed so he can rest
3.Nursing math & unit conversionsMedium
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). A newborn weighs 9 lb 11 oz. Using 1 lb = 16 oz and 1 kg = 2.2 lb, find the weight m in kilograms. Round to two decimal places.
9 lb 11 oz1 lb = 16 oz1 kg = 2.2 lb
m = kg
4.Nursing math & unit conversionsHard
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). A blood glucose result is 10.3 mmol/L. Using 1 mmol/L = 18 mg/dL for glucose, find c in mg/dL to the nearest whole number.
10.3 mmol/L1 mmol/L = 18 mg/dL
c = mg/dL
3Solutions
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: A · Jewelry, dentures, glasses and hairpins, as instructed
Why this is the answer
Before surgery, jewelry, dentures, glasses, hearing aids, hairpins and makeup are usually removed as instructed and stored safely. The identification band stays on.
Answer
A · Jewelry, dentures, glasses and hairpins, as instructed
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: A · Stop feeding, keep him upright and report it to the nurse
Why this is the answer
Coughing and a wet voice during eating are signs of aspiration. The nursing assistant stops, keeps the resident sitting upright and reports to the nurse at once, who may need to assess swallowing.
Answer
A · Stop feeding, keep him upright and report it to the nurse
3.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: m = 4.4 kg
Household measures and weight: nursing exams use rounded equivalents: 1 teaspoon (tsp) = 5 mL, 1 tablespoon (tbsp) = 15 mL = 3 tsp, 1 fluid ounce (fl oz) = 30 mL = 2 tbsp, and 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL. For weight, 1 kg = 2.2 lb and 1 lb = 16 oz; for length, 1 inch = 2.54 cm. Set the conversion up so that the unit you do not want cancels out.
Ounces to pounds
11 oz/16 = 0.6875 lb
9 + 0.6875 = 9.688 lb
Pounds to kilograms
m = 9.688/2.2 = 4.403 ≈ 4.4 kg
Answer
m = 4.4 kg
4.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: c = 185 mg/dL
Dimensional analysis: write the given quantity, then multiply by conversion factors written as fractions (for example 60 min/1 h or 1 mg/1000 mcg) so that each unwanted unit appears once on top and once underneath and cancels. When only the wanted unit is left, calculate. Use the equivalents the question gives and round only the final answer.
Convert
c = 10.3·18 = 185.4 ≈ 185 mg/dL
Answer
c = 185 mg/dL
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