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1Formulas and methods
Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Method
Check whether the resident is in danger right now (not breathing, choking, a fall, chest pain, stroke signs); if so, keep them safe and get the nurse at once.
Ask whether the task is within the nursing assistant’s scope and training; if not, decline politely and tell the nurse.
Respect the resident’s rights: privacy, choice, refusal of care, dignity and freedom from abuse and unneeded restraints.
Apply the basic rules: hand hygiene, body mechanics, bed low and call light within reach, weak side first when dressing.
Observe and report: compare with the resident’s usual state and report changes promptly and objectively.
Nursing math & unit conversions
Metric steps
1 kg = 1000 g, 1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg, 1 L = 1000 mL
Weight and length
1 kg = 2.2 lb, 1 lb = 16 oz, 1 in = 2.54 cm, 1 ft = 12 in
Household measures
1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL
Write the given quantity with its unit and the unit you want.
Pick the equivalent: 1000 between kg, g, mg and mcg or L and mL; 1 kg = 2.2 lb; 1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 240 mL.
Write it as a fraction so that the unwanted unit cancels; for a rate, use one fraction per unit that changes.
Check the direction: a smaller unit gives a bigger number.
Round only the final answer, to the precision the question names.
2Practice problems
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeMedium
How can a stool specimen be kept from being contaminated?
AMix the stool with water before putting it in the container
BCollect the specimen from the toilet water after flushing
CLeave the specimen uncovered in the bathroom until the end of the shift
DHave the resident urinate first and keep toilet paper out of it
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeHard
A resident tells the nursing assistant that a night-shift worker was rough with her and called her names. She asks the nursing assistant not to report it because she is afraid. What should the nursing assistant do?
AReassure her and report it at once, per the abuse policy
BWait to see if it happens again before reporting
CSpeak to the night-shift worker privately first
DKeep it secret, because the resident has asked you not to report it
3.Nursing math & unit conversionsMedium
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). A patient’s temperature is 97.6 °F. Convert it to degrees Celsius T with °C = (°F − 32) × 5/9. Round to one decimal place.
97.6 °F
T = °C
4.Nursing math & unit conversionsHard
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). A haemoglobin result is 8.2 g/dL. Express it in g/L Hb.
8.2 g/dL1 L = 10 dL
Hb = g/L
3Solutions
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: D · Have the resident urinate first and keep toilet paper out of it
Why this is the answer
The resident urinates first and puts toilet paper in a separate bag or the toilet, not in the collection container. The specimen is labeled, covered and taken to the correct place promptly.
Answer
D · Have the resident urinate first and keep toilet paper out of it
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: A · Reassure her and report it at once, per the abuse policy
Why this is the answer
Nursing assistants must report suspected abuse immediately, even if the resident asks them not to. The resident is reassured that she will be protected from retaliation, and the facility investigates.
Answer
A · Reassure her and report it at once, per the abuse policy
3.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: T = 36.4 °C
Temperature: °C = (°F − 32) × 5/9 and °F = °C × 9/5 + 32. Subtract 32 before you multiply when going from °F, and add 32 after you multiply when going from °C. A quick check: 37 °C is 98.6 °F, and every 1 °C is 1.8 °F.
Subtract 32
97.6 − 32 = 65.6
Multiply by 5/9
T = 65.6·5/9 = 36.44 ≈ 36.4 °C
Answer
T = 36.4 °C
4.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: Hb = 82 g/L
Dimensional analysis: write the given quantity, then multiply by conversion factors written as fractions (for example 60 min/1 h or 1 mg/1000 mcg) so that each unwanted unit appears once on top and once underneath and cancels. When only the wanted unit is left, calculate. Use the equivalents the question gives and round only the final answer.
Convert
Hb = 8.2 g/dL × 10 dL/L = 82 g/L
Answer
Hb = 82 g/L
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