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1Formulas and methods
Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Method
Check whether the resident is in danger right now (not breathing, choking, a fall, chest pain, stroke signs); if so, keep them safe and get the nurse at once.
Ask whether the task is within the nursing assistant’s scope and training; if not, decline politely and tell the nurse.
Respect the resident’s rights: privacy, choice, refusal of care, dignity and freedom from abuse and unneeded restraints.
Apply the basic rules: hand hygiene, body mechanics, bed low and call light within reach, weak side first when dressing.
Observe and report: compare with the resident’s usual state and report changes promptly and objectively.
Nursing math & unit conversions
Metric steps
1 kg = 1000 g, 1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg, 1 L = 1000 mL
Weight and length
1 kg = 2.2 lb, 1 lb = 16 oz, 1 in = 2.54 cm, 1 ft = 12 in
Household measures
1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL
Write the given quantity with its unit and the unit you want.
Pick the equivalent: 1000 between kg, g, mg and mcg or L and mL; 1 kg = 2.2 lb; 1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 240 mL.
Write it as a fraction so that the unwanted unit cancels; for a rate, use one fraction per unit that changes.
Check the direction: a smaller unit gives a bigger number.
Round only the final answer, to the precision the question names.
2Practice problems
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeMedium
During perineal care, when should the nursing assistant change gloves?
ABefore moving from the soiled area to a clean task
BOnly if the resident asks the nursing assistant for new gloves
COnly if the gloves tear during care
DOnly at the very end of the shift
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledgeHard
A resident drinks 6 oz of juice, 8 oz of milk and 4 oz of water during breakfast. What is the intake in milliliters?
A600 mL
B480 mL
C540 mL
D360 mL
3.Nursing math & unit conversionsMedium
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). A newborn weighs 7 lb 14 oz. Using 1 lb = 16 oz and 1 kg = 2.2 lb, find the weight m in kilograms. Round to two decimal places.
7 lb 14 oz1 lb = 16 oz1 kg = 2.2 lb
m = kg
4.Nursing math & unit conversionsHard
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). A haemoglobin result is 160 g/L. Express it in g/dL Hb.
160 g/L1 L = 10 dL
Hb = g/dL
3Solutions
1.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: A · Before moving from the soiled area to a clean task
Why this is the answer
Gloves are changed when they become soiled and before touching clean areas, clean linen or supplies, with hand hygiene in between. This stops germs moving from the perineal area to other places.
Answer
A · Before moving from the soiled area to a clean task
2.Nursing assistant (CNA) knowledge
Answer: C · 540 mL
Why this is the answer
The total is 6 + 8 + 4 = 18 oz. At 30 mL per ounce, 18 × 30 = 540 mL is recorded as intake.
Answer
C · 540 mL
3.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: m = 3.58 kg
Household measures and weight: nursing exams use rounded equivalents: 1 teaspoon (tsp) = 5 mL, 1 tablespoon (tbsp) = 15 mL = 3 tsp, 1 fluid ounce (fl oz) = 30 mL = 2 tbsp, and 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL. For weight, 1 kg = 2.2 lb and 1 lb = 16 oz; for length, 1 inch = 2.54 cm. Set the conversion up so that the unit you do not want cancels out.
Ounces to pounds
14 oz/16 = 0.875 lb
7 + 0.875 = 7.875 lb
Pounds to kilograms
m = 7.875/2.2 = 3.58 kg
Answer
m = 3.58 kg
4.Nursing math & unit conversions
Answer: Hb = 16 g/dL
Dimensional analysis: write the given quantity, then multiply by conversion factors written as fractions (for example 60 min/1 h or 1 mg/1000 mcg) so that each unwanted unit appears once on top and once underneath and cancels. When only the wanted unit is left, calculate. Use the equivalents the question gives and round only the final answer.
Convert
Hb = 160 g/L × (1 L/10 dL) = 16 g/dL
Answer
Hb = 16 g/dL
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