Introduction to Law: cram pack

Police provide extra officers at a mine during a strike, beyond what their public duty requires, at the owner's request. The owner's promise to pay is:

1. AVoid, because it is contrary to public policy
2. BEnforceable, because doing more than a public duty is consideration
3. CUnenforceable, because police protection can never be consideration for a promise
4. DEnforceable only if approved by Parliament

A contract states it can be varied only in signed writing. The parties later agree an oral variation. In MWB Business Exchange v Rock Advertising, the Supreme Court held:

1. AThe clause was void as against public policy
2. BThe oral variation was effective, because parties can always vary orally
3. CThe oral variation was ineffective, because the clause was binding
4. DThe variation was effective as it had consideration

An occupier hires a reputable lift company to maintain a lift. The company's negligence causes an accident. Under Haseldine v Daw, the occupier is:

1. ALiable only if the lift is new
2. BLiable for any defect on its premises
3. CNot liable, if it reasonably chose a competent contractor
4. DLiable, because maintenance is non-delegable

In Lachaux v Independent Print (2019), the Supreme Court held that "serious harm" under section 1 of the Defamation Act 2013 must be shown:

1. AOnly by the inherent meaning of the words
2. BBy the number of people who read it, which must exceed a fixed threshold
3. CBy reference to the actual impact of the statement, as a matter of fact
4. DOnly by showing the claimant lost money

In CCSU v Minister for the Civil Service (the GCHQ case), Lord Diplock classified the grounds of judicial review as:

1. ALegality, legitimacy and proportionality
2. BJurisdiction, motive and fairness
3. CFraud, mistake and duress
4. DIllegality, irrationality and procedural impropriety

In the Urgenda case (2019), the Dutch Supreme Court upheld an order requiring the State to:

1. AReduce greenhouse gas emissions by at least 25% compared with 1990 by the end of 2020
2. BPay damages to every Dutch citizen
3. CClose all coal power stations immediately
4. DWithdraw from international climate agreements

D is present when a crime is committed but does nothing to help or encourage it. Following R v Clarkson, D is:

1. AAn accessory, because voluntary presence at the scene always amounts to encouragement
2. BAn accessory, because D could have called the police
3. CNot an accessory, because mere presence without intent to encourage is not enough
4. DThe principal, because D witnessed the whole crime

In R v Gullefer (1990), D ran onto a greyhound track to get the race declared void and recover his bet. The Court of Appeal held:

1. AAttempt requires the last act before the crime
2. BHis acts were merely preparatory, as he had not embarked on the "crime proper"
3. CHe was guilty of attempted theft, as running onto the track was more than preparatory
4. DImpossibility gave him a complete defence

In Levin (1982), the Court held that a part-time worker is protected by Article 45 if the work is:

1. AEffective and genuine, and not purely marginal and ancillary
2. BDone for the main purpose of obtaining residence
3. CAt least 30 hours per week
4. DPaid enough to live without social benefits

In the Factortame litigation, the CJEU held that national courts must:

1. AWait for Parliament to amend the statute first
2. BApply national statutes until the national parliament itself repeals any rule that conflicts with EU law
3. CRefer the case to the European Court of Human Rights
4. DBe able to grant interim relief setting aside a national rule that may breach EU law