Introduction to Law: cram pack

Under the Law Reform (Frustrated Contracts) Act 1943, money paid before a frustrating event is generally:

1. APaid into court for distribution
2. BPayable twice, as a penalty
3. CLost, because the loss must lie where it falls once the contract is frustrated
4. DRecoverable, though the court may let the payee keep some for expenses

A builder agrees to finish work for an agreed price, then demands more money. The client pays to avoid delay and gets a practical benefit. In English law (Williams v Roffey), the promise to pay more may be:

1. AEnforceable, because the practical benefit can be consideration if there is no duress
2. BA criminal offence
3. CUnenforceable, because performing an existing contractual duty can never be good consideration
4. DEnforceable only if made in writing

A worker inhales silica dust from two sources, only one of which was due to the employer's breach. In Bonnington Castings v Wardlaw, the employer was liable because the guilty dust:

1. AWas the only cause of the disease
2. BWas more than half of the total dust
3. CWas easier to prevent than the other dust
4. DMaterially contributed to the disease

Under section 4 of the Defamation Act 2013, the public interest defence requires that:

1. AThe statement was on a matter of public interest and the defendant reasonably believed publishing it was in the public interest
2. BThe statement was made in Parliament or in court
3. CThe statement was on a matter of public interest and the defendant honestly believed that every factual claim it contained was true
4. DThe statement is shown to be substantially true

To bring a claim for judicial review in England and Wales, the claimant must have:

1. ASuffered financial loss
2. BPermission from the minister
3. CA contract with the public body
4. DA sufficient interest in the matter

Article 79(3) of the German Basic Law (the "eternity clause") forbids amendments that affect:

1. AThe federal structure, the Länder's participation in legislation, or the principles in Articles 1 and 20
2. BThe electoral system, the number of seats in the Bundestag, or any of the rules in Articles 38 to 48 on elections
3. CAny article of the Basic Law at all
4. DOnly the articles on taxation

D and V are playing a properly organised rugby match. D tackles V within the rules and V breaks a leg. D is most likely:

1. ALiable, because rugby is not a recognised sport
2. BNot liable, because players consent to injuries within the rules of the game
3. CLiable for GBH, because a serious injury was caused
4. DLiable for battery, because consent is never a defence to serious bodily harm

Why is the principle of "lex certa" important in criminal law?

1. ACriminal laws must be clear enough for people to foresee what is punishable
2. BLaws must be certain to be enforced, so the police have no discretion in applying them
3. CJudges must be certain before sentencing
4. DOnly certain crimes can be prosecuted

Under the subsidiarity protocol, a "yellow card" is triggered when reasoned opinions represent at least:

1. AAll national parliaments
2. BOne third of the votes allocated to national parliaments
3. CA simple majority of the votes of the Members of the European Parliament
4. DTwo member state governments

In CIA Security (1996), Belgian technical rules not notified to the Commission as required by a directive were held to be:

1. AInapplicable, even in a dispute between private competitors
2. BVoid only in disputes against the Belgian state
3. CValid, because directives do not have horizontal direct effect
4. DValid until the Commission brings infringement proceedings