Introduction to Law: cram pack

A contract made under duress may be:

1. AAvoided (set aside) by the pressured party
2. BTurned into a criminal offence only
3. CEnforced against the pressured party in every case
4. DAutomatically valid with no remedy

Asked to "telegraph lowest cash price" for a property, the owner replies "Lowest price £900". The enquirer then telegraphs that he accepts. In Harvey v Facey:

1. AThere was a contract at a reasonable price
2. BThe reply was a counter-offer, which the enquirer's telegram then accepted
3. CThere was a contract at £900
4. DThere was no contract, because stating a lowest price was not an offer

Strict liability means a defendant can be liable:

1. AWithout proof of fault
2. BOnly if they acted intentionally
3. COnly for criminal acts
4. DOnly if they broke a contract

After Barker v Corus held that liability under the Fairchild exception was proportionate to each defendant's share of the risk, Parliament responded for mesothelioma cases by:

1. AMaking each responsible person liable for the whole damage, under the Compensation Act 2006
2. BRequiring proof of "but for" causation in all cases
3. CCreating a state compensation fund to replace tort claims against employers and their insurers entirely
4. DAbolishing claims for asbestos disease

In Dudgeon v UK, the European Court of Human Rights held that criminalising consensual homosexual acts between adult men in Northern Ireland:

1. AViolated the right to respect for private life under Article 8
2. BViolated only the right to marry
3. CWas justified under Article 8(2) as necessary to protect public morals
4. DWas outside the scope of the Convention

Which statement about "horizontal effect" of human rights is correct?

1. AHorizontal effect means rights apply only to horizontal property boundaries
2. BRights can influence legal relations between private parties, often indirectly through courts
3. CPrivate parties can be brought directly before the Strasbourg court by individuals whose rights they breach
4. DRights apply only between states

D is present when a crime is committed but does nothing to help or encourage it. Following R v Clarkson, D is:

1. AThe principal, because D witnessed the whole crime
2. BAn accessory, because voluntary presence at the scene always amounts to encouragement
3. CNot an accessory, because mere presence without intent to encourage is not enough
4. DAn accessory, because D could have called the police

In R v Evans (2009), D supplied heroin to her half-sister, who overdosed. D failed to seek help. The Court of Appeal held:

1. AA duty arose because D had contributed to a life-threatening situation she knew of
2. BNo duty arose, because sisters owe each other no duties
3. CD was guilty of murder, because she supplied the drug
4. DD was liable because family members always owe each other a duty to seek medical help

Under the Lisbon voting rules, a blocking minority in the Council must include at least:

1. ATen member states
2. BHalf of the member states
3. CTwo member states
4. DFour member states

In Höfner and Elser (1991), a German public employment agency was held to be an "undertaking" for competition law because:

1. AIt made a large profit every year
2. BIt was engaged in an economic activity, regardless of its legal status and financing
3. CIt was owned by foreign investors
4. DIt was registered as a private company and financed by the fees it charged employers