Introduction to Law: cram pack

An offer says acceptance must be made "by notice in writing to us". The offeree posts an acceptance, which is lost. Under Holwell Securities v Hughes:

1. AA contract was formed when the letter was posted
2. BThere is no contract, because actual notice was required
3. CThe contract is void for common mistake
4. DA contract was formed when the offeree decided to accept

A wife guarantees her husband's business debts to a bank. Under RBS v Etridge (No 2), the bank should normally:

1. AObtain confirmation that a solicitor has advised her
2. BHave the husband explain the risks to her
3. CSeek a court's approval of the guarantee
4. DRefuse the guarantee unless she has her own income

A solicitor negligently delays preparing a new will, and the client dies before signing. The intended beneficiaries lose their gifts. In White v Jones, the solicitor:

1. AWas liable only to the client's estate
2. BWas liable to the disappointed beneficiaries
3. CWas not liable, because the will was never signed
4. DWas not liable, because there was no contract with them

A man's leg is injured by a negligent driver. Later, robbers shoot the same leg and it is amputated. In Baker v Willoughby, the driver:

1. AWas liable for the amputation too
2. BRemained liable for the original disability after the shooting
3. CWas released completely from liability by the robbers' later shooting
4. DWas liable only until the shooting

To amend the Dutch Constitution under Article 137:

1. AA proposal is passed, elections follow, and then both chambers must approve it by two-thirds
2. BA national referendum must approve it
3. CThe King and the Council of State decide it
4. DA simple majority in both chambers is enough, after which the King must sign the amendment into law

In R (Miller) v Secretary of State for Exiting the EU (2017), the Supreme Court said about the Sewel convention that:

1. AIt requires Scottish consent to the UK's withdrawal from the EU
2. BIt is a political convention that courts cannot enforce
3. CIt applies only to Northern Ireland
4. DIt became legally binding when written into statute

Causation in criminal law requires that the defendant's act was:

1. AA factual and legal cause of the result
2. BIntended to cause the result in every case
3. CThe only cause of the result
4. DMorally wrong

In Re A (Conjoined Twins) (2001), the Court of Appeal allowed surgery that would kill the weaker twin to save the stronger. This is often cited as authority that:

1. ADoctors can never be liable for murder
2. BNecessity can, in very exceptional circumstances, justify an act that causes death
3. CNecessity is a general defence to murder whenever more lives would be saved than lost
4. DParental consent is a defence to homicide

Internationale Handelsgesellschaft (1970) held that the validity of a Community measure:

1. ADepends on its compatibility with the fundamental rights in each national constitution
2. BCan be reviewed by any national court that doubts it
3. CCannot be affected by claims that it breaches national constitutional rights
4. DRequires approval by a national referendum

In Åkerberg Fransson (2013), a Swedish fisherman faced tax penalties and criminal proceedings for VAT fraud. The Court held that the Charter applied because:

1. AThe fisherman was an EU institution employee
2. BThe national measures fell within the scope of EU law on VAT and the EU's financial interests
3. CThe Charter applies to every action of a member state, whether or not it involves EU law in any way
4. DSweden had incorporated the Charter into its constitution