Introduction to Law: cram pack

A contract made under duress may be:

1. ATurned into a criminal offence only
2. BEnforced against the pressured party in every case
3. CAutomatically valid with no remedy
4. DAvoided (set aside) by the pressured party

A seller quotes on its terms with a price variation clause. The buyer orders on its own terms without that clause, with a tear-off acknowledgement slip, which the seller signs and returns. In Butler Machine Tool v Ex-Cell-O, the contract was on:

1. ANo terms, because there was no contract
2. BA mixture of terms chosen by the court as fair
3. CThe buyer's terms, because the seller accepted its counter-offer
4. DThe seller's terms, because it sent its terms and price variation clause first

Heat from a neighbour's ordinary activity damages specially sensitive paper stored by the claimant, but would not harm ordinary paper. Under Robinson v Kilvert, the claim:

1. ASucceeds, because any physical damage to goods is an actionable nuisance
2. BFails, because heat cannot be a nuisance
3. CSucceeds, because the paper was valuable
4. DFails, because nuisance does not protect abnormally sensitive uses

In Lachaux v Independent Print (2019), the Supreme Court held that "serious harm" under section 1 of the Defamation Act 2013 must be shown:

1. ABy reference to the actual impact of the statement, as a matter of fact
2. BOnly by the inherent meaning of the words
3. CBy the number of people who read it, which must exceed a fixed threshold
4. DOnly by showing the claimant lost money

In Hirst v UK (No 2), the European Court of Human Rights held that the UK's blanket ban on voting by convicted prisoners:

1. AViolated the right to freedom of expression in Article 10 of the Convention
2. BViolated the right to free elections in Protocol 1, Article 3
3. CWas within the UK's margin of appreciation
4. DWas justified because prisoners have no rights

In the Dutch system, the Council of State (Raad van State) mainly:

1. AElects the members of parliament
2. BHears criminal appeals
3. CAdvises on legislation and acts as the highest administrative court in many areas
4. DAppoints the prime minister and supervises the formation of a new coalition government

The "thin skull" rule in criminal law means:

1. AOnly healthy victims are protected
2. BA frail victim breaks the chain of causation
3. CThe victim's injuries must be foreseeable in extent
4. DThe defendant must take the victim as they find them

In the Dutch "Opticien" judgment (Hoge Raad, 1923), an optician sold glasses after closing time to a man who had broken his. The court recognised:

1. AMental disorder as an excuse under Article 39 Sr
2. BNecessity (noodtoestand) as a form of overmacht under Article 40 Sr
3. CSelf-defence of property under Article 41 Sr
4. DAn official order (ambtelijk bevel) as a justification under Article 43 Sr

A member state grants a subsidy to a company without notifying the Commission. Under the state aid rules, the state:

1. ABreached the standstill obligation and may be required to recover the aid
2. BHas acted lawfully if the subsidy was small in its view
3. CMust pay a fine to every competitor
4. DMust obtain approval from the European Parliament afterwards to legalise the aid

In Inter-Environnement Wallonie (1997), the Court held that during the transposition period of a directive, member states:

1. AAre free to adopt any measure until the deadline expires, even one directly contrary to the directive's aims
2. BMust already apply the directive in full
3. CMay ask the Commission to extend the deadline indefinitely
4. DMust refrain from adopting measures liable to seriously compromise the result the directive prescribes