Introduction to Law: cram pack

In Hadley v Baxendale, damages are recoverable for losses that:

1. AWere caused by a third party
2. BWere caused in any factual sense by the breach, however unusual and unforeseeable they were
3. CArise naturally from the breach or were in the reasonable contemplation of both parties
4. DThe claimant suffered only after the trial

An employer pays large severance sums to two directors, later discovering it could have dismissed them for nothing because of their earlier misconduct. In Bell v Lever Bros, the agreements were:

1. AUnenforceable because severance needs a deed
2. BValid, because the mistake about quality was not fundamental enough
3. CVoidable for the directors' misrepresentation by failing to disclose their misconduct
4. DVoid for common mistake about the contracts

Strict liability means a defendant can be liable:

1. AOnly if they broke a contract
2. BWithout proof of fault
3. COnly if they acted intentionally
4. DOnly for criminal acts

Fumes from a copper smelting works damage trees and shrubs on a nearby estate in an industrial area. In St Helen's Smelting v Tipping, the House of Lords held:

1. AThere was no nuisance, because the character of the industrial area excused the fumes and the damage
2. BThere was a nuisance only if the fumes were noisy
3. CThe character of the locality was irrelevant, because there was physical damage to property
4. DThe claimant came to the nuisance, so lost

In Thoburn v Sunderland City Council (the "metric martyrs" case), Laws LJ said that "constitutional statutes":

1. APrevail automatically over all later Acts of Parliament
2. BCannot be repealed at all
3. CCannot be impliedly repealed, only expressly
4. DMust be approved by referendum

In Germany, an individual who claims a public authority has violated their basic rights may, after exhausting other remedies, bring:

1. AA case to the European Court of Justice
2. BA petition directly to the Bundestag's President
3. CA constitutional complaint to the Federal Constitutional Court
4. DA request to the Federal President to veto

For malicious wounding or inflicting GBH under section 20 OAPA, the defendant must at least have foreseen:

1. ANothing, because it is strict liability
2. BThat serious harm would certainly result
3. CThat the victim would die
4. DThat some physical harm might result

In R v Evans (2009), D supplied heroin to her half-sister, who overdosed. D failed to seek help. The Court of Appeal held:

1. AD was liable because family members always owe each other a duty to seek medical help
2. BD was guilty of murder, because she supplied the drug
3. CA duty arose because D had contributed to a life-threatening situation she knew of
4. DNo duty arose, because sisters owe each other no duties

Under the Lisbon voting rules, a blocking minority in the Council must include at least:

1. AFour member states
2. BTwo member states
3. CTen member states
4. DHalf of the member states

In Åkerberg Fransson (2013), a Swedish fisherman faced tax penalties and criminal proceedings for VAT fraud. The Court held that the Charter applied because:

1. AThe Charter applies to every action of a member state, whether or not it involves EU law in any way
2. BThe fisherman was an EU institution employee
3. CSweden had incorporated the Charter into its constitution
4. DThe national measures fell within the scope of EU law on VAT and the EU's financial interests