Introduction to Law: cram pack

An offer says acceptance must be made "by notice in writing to us". The offeree posts an acceptance, which is lost. Under Holwell Securities v Hughes:

1. AThe contract is void for common mistake
2. BA contract was formed when the offeree decided to accept
3. CThere is no contract, because actual notice was required
4. DA contract was formed when the letter was posted

A former spy publishes his memoirs in breach of his undertaking not to disclose official information. In AG v Blake, the House of Lords:

1. AHeld that no remedy was available
2. BAwarded only nominal damages
3. CAwarded punitive damages to the Crown
4. DOrdered him to account for his profits, in an exceptional case

Police officers who helped at the Hillsborough disaster suffered psychiatric injury. In White v Chief Constable of South Yorkshire, their claims:

1. ASucceeded, because rescuers are always treated as primary victims in English law
2. BFailed, because the police can never sue their employer
3. CFailed, because they were not in physical danger and were not primary victims
4. DSucceeded, because they were employees of the defendant

In Hedley Byrne v Heller, liability for negligent misstatement arose because:

1. AThe defendant intended to deceive
2. BThere was a special relationship in which the claimant reasonably relied on advice given with skill
3. CThere was a contract between the parties under which the bank was paid a fee for the reference it gave
4. DThe statement caused physical injury

To amend the Dutch Constitution under Article 137:

1. AA proposal is passed, elections follow, and then both chambers must approve it by two-thirds
2. BA simple majority in both chambers is enough, after which the King must sign the amendment into law
3. CThe King and the Council of State decide it
4. DA national referendum must approve it

Walter Bagehot described the "efficient secret" of the English constitution as:

1. AThe independence of the House of Lords
2. BThe strict separation of all three powers
3. CThe close union of the executive and legislative powers
4. DThe monarch's power to veto legislation

D attacks someone while sleepwalking. Following R v Burgess, the correct defence is:

1. ANon-insane automatism, because sleep is natural
2. BSelf-defence, because D was dreaming of an attack
3. CInsanity, because sleepwalking was caused by an internal factor
4. DInvoluntary intoxication, because D was not aware

R v Gomez (1993) held that an appropriation in theft:

1. ARequires a physical taking of the property
2. BOnly occurs when the defendant leaves the shop
3. CRequires that the act was not authorised by the owner, even if consent was obtained by fraud
4. DCan occur even when the owner consents, if the consent was obtained by deception

Francovich (1991) established that:

1. ADirectives have horizontal direct effect
2. BMember states can be liable to pay damages for failing to implement a directive
3. CIndividuals can enforce unimplemented directives directly against private employers
4. DThe Commission can annul national laws

In Defrenne v Sabena (No 2), the Court held that the principle of equal pay for men and women (now Article 157 TFEU):

1. AHas both vertical and horizontal direct effect
2. BHas no direct effect
3. CApplies only to public employers
4. DRequires a directive before it can be applied