Introduction to Law: cram pack

Damages for breach of contract are generally meant to:

1. AGive the innocent party a profit beyond their loss
2. BPunish the party in breach
3. CReturn both parties only to the position they were in before the contract was made
4. DPut the innocent party in the position as if the contract had been performed

A contract states it can be varied only in signed writing. The parties later agree an oral variation. In MWB Business Exchange v Rock Advertising, the Supreme Court held:

1. AThe oral variation was effective, because parties can always vary orally
2. BThe oral variation was ineffective, because the clause was binding
3. CThe variation was effective as it had consideration
4. DThe clause was void as against public policy

Police officers who helped at the Hillsborough disaster suffered psychiatric injury. In White v Chief Constable of South Yorkshire, their claims:

1. ASucceeded, because they were employees of the defendant
2. BSucceeded, because rescuers are always treated as primary victims in English law
3. CFailed, because they were not in physical danger and were not primary victims
4. DFailed, because the police can never sue their employer

A man is prevented from walking along part of a bridge closed for an event, but is free to go back the way he came. In Bird v Jones, the court held:

1. AThere was an assault, because he was blocked
2. BThere was false imprisonment, because the bridge was public
3. CThere was false imprisonment, because he could not continue the way he wanted to go
4. DThere was no false imprisonment, because his freedom was not totally restricted

The Dutch Constitution (Article 120) forbids courts from:

1. AApplying international treaties
2. BHearing criminal cases
3. CReviewing decisions of municipalities and provinces against national statutes
4. DReviewing Acts of Parliament for compatibility with the Constitution

In Madzimbamuto v Lardner-Burke, the Privy Council held that the UK Parliament could still legislate for Southern Rhodesia because:

1. AA convention that it would not do so did not limit its legal power
2. BThe convention was legally binding but had been waived by Rhodesia
3. CRhodesia had become fully independent
4. DRhodesia had consented to the legislation

In English law, the mens rea of murder is:

1. AIntention to kill or to cause grievous bodily harm
2. BNegligence in causing death
3. CSubjective recklessness as to causing death or serious harm
4. DIntention to frighten the victim

In R v Cunningham (1957), D tore a gas meter off a wall to steal money; gas leaked and poisoned a neighbour. The court held "maliciously" means:

1. AActing with wickedness or ill will towards the victim, as in ordinary usage
2. BFailing to notice a risk an ordinary person would see
3. CIntending the harm or foreseeing the risk of it and taking it anyway
4. DActing in a way that is against the law

The ordinary legislative procedure gives equal law-making roles to:

1. AThe European Parliament and the Council
2. BNational parliaments and the Commission
3. CThe European Council and the Central Bank
4. DThe Commission and the Court of Justice

Altmark Trans (2003) set conditions under which compensation for public service obligations:

1. AIs not state aid because it confers no advantage
2. BMust be approved by the European Parliament
3. CIs always prohibited state aid
4. DCan only be paid to state-owned companies