Introduction to Law: cram pack

In English law, the "postal rule" means an acceptance sent by post takes effect:

1. AWhen the offeror replies
2. BWhen the letter is posted
3. CWhen the letter is read
4. DWhen the letter arrives

A rogue uses a stolen driving licence to take a car on written hire-purchase in another person's name. In Shogun Finance v Hudson, the majority of the House of Lords held:

1. AThe contract was void, because the finance company dealt only with the named person
2. BThe contract was void, because hire-purchase agreements must always be made face to face
3. CThe contract was valid with the rogue himself
4. DThe contract was voidable, so a later buyer got good title

Pure economic loss caused by negligent acts is:

1. ARecoverable only for companies
2. BRecoverable only where the defendant's conduct was also a criminal offence of some kind
3. CAlways recoverable
4. DGenerally not recoverable, with exceptions such as negligent misstatement

Intruders start a fire in an empty, locked cinema, which spreads to neighbouring buildings. The owner did not know of earlier break-ins. In Smith v Littlewoods, the owner was:

1. ALiable, because fire spreading is always foreseeable
2. BNot liable, because it had no knowledge of the risk
3. CLiable, because occupiers must guard against all intruders
4. DStrictly liable under Rylands v Fletcher

Parliamentary sovereignty (as described by Dicey) means that:

1. AParliament must obey previous Parliaments
2. BThe executive can override Parliament
3. CParliament can make or unmake any law, and no body can override its Acts
4. DCourts can strike down any Act of Parliament that conflicts with common law rights

In Germany, an individual who claims a public authority has violated their basic rights may, after exhausting other remedies, bring:

1. AA request to the Federal President to veto
2. BA petition directly to the Bundestag's President
3. CA case to the European Court of Justice
4. DA constitutional complaint to the Federal Constitutional Court

D, being pursued by armed police, uses V as a human shield and fires at the officers. The police return fire and kill V. Following R v Pagett, D is:

1. ANot liable, because the police officers' decision to fire was a free, deliberate and informed intervening act
2. BLiable only if the police officers are also convicted
3. CNot liable, because V's death was not foreseeable to D
4. DLiable, because the police acted reasonably in self-defence and did not break the chain of causation

In the Dutch "Melk-en-water" judgment (Hoge Raad, 1916), the court recognised:

1. AForce majeure as a written justification
2. BConditional intent as a form of intention
3. CThe legality principle as part of the Constitution
4. DAbsence of all blame (AVAS) as an unwritten excuse

Directives generally do NOT have:

1. ABinding force after the transposition deadline
2. BHorizontal direct effect between private parties
3. CVertical direct effect against the state
4. DAny legal effect at all

Under the indirect effect principle (Von Colson, Marleasing), national courts must:

1. AIgnore national law that conflicts with any directive in private disputes
2. BRefer every case to the Court of Justice
3. CApply directives only after the Commission approves
4. DInterpret national law as far as possible in conformity with directives