Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 8 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.
Anchoring bias occurs when:
Chase and Simon showed chess positions briefly to experts and novices. Experts recalled real game positions much better, but not random positions. This suggests expertise relies on:
Fantz showed infants pairs of patterns and measured how long they looked at each. Many young infants looked longest at:
Turiel found that young children say hitting is wrong even if a teacher allows it, but wearing pyjamas to school is fine if the teacher allows it. This suggests children:
In the Robbers Cave study, hostility between the two groups of boys was reduced most by:
Students heard a proposal for exams. When told it would affect them personally, argument quality mattered most. When told it would apply in future, the source's expertise mattered most. This supports:
Patients taking monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) must avoid foods rich in tyramine because:
A patient has had psychotic symptoms for a year; for several weeks they had hallucinations without any mood episode, while at other times psychosis occurred during major depressive episodes. Which diagnosis is most likely?
Answer: C · An initial number strongly influences a later estimate
In anchoring, people adjust insufficiently from an initial value, even an arbitrary one, when making numerical judgements.
Answer: B · Chunks of meaningful patterns stored in long-term memory
Experts recognise familiar configurations as chunks, so they can encode more pieces at once. Their general memory capacity is not larger.
Answer: C · Face-like patterns
Fantz's research suggested that even very young infants prefer complex, face-like stimuli, supporting an early bias towards social information.
Answer: B · Distinguish moral rules from social conventions early
Domain theory holds that children treat moral rules (harm, fairness) as universal and independent of authority, unlike conventions, challenging Piaget's and Kohlberg's views.
Answer: B · Working together on superordinate goals
Sherif found that cooperation on shared goals (such as fixing the water supply) reduced conflict, whereas mere contact did not.
Answer: B · The elaboration likelihood model
Petty, Cacioppo and Goldman showed that high involvement leads to central-route processing of arguments, while low involvement leads to peripheral cues like expertise.
Answer: C · The combination can cause a dangerous rise in blood pressure
MAO normally breaks down dietary tyramine. When it is inhibited, tyramine can trigger a hypertensive crisis, which is why MAOIs require dietary restrictions.
Answer: A · Schizoaffective disorder
Schizoaffective disorder involves a mood episode together with schizophrenia symptoms, plus at least two weeks of psychosis without a mood episode. In psychotic depression, psychosis occurs only during the mood episode.
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