Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 8 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.
Lists of similar-sounding letters (B, G, V, T) are harder to recall immediately than dissimilar letters (F, K, Y, W). This suggests short-term memory:
The "tip-of-the-tongue" state is evidence that:
Baumrind's authoritative parenting style combines:
Cross-sectional studies suggested large declines in intelligence after middle age, but Schaie's longitudinal data showed smaller declines. A main reason for the difference is:
According to Ajzen's theory of planned behaviour, intentions are predicted by attitudes, subjective norms and:
After choosing between two similarly rated household appliances, participants rated the chosen one higher and the rejected one lower than before. This is called:
Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) has best evidence for:
Research on cultural factors shows that the Japanese syndrome taijin kyofusho mainly involves fear of:
Answer: B · Mainly codes verbal information acoustically
The phonological similarity effect shows that verbal short-term memory relies on sound-based codes. Long-term memory relies more on meaning.
Answer: D · Information can be stored but temporarily not retrievable
Partial access to a word's features shows that the item is in memory but retrieval fails for the moment, supporting retrieval failure as a cause of forgetting.
Answer: D · High warmth with high, clearly explained expectations
Authoritative parents are responsive and set firm, reasoned limits; this style is associated with good social and academic outcomes in many studies.
Answer: D · Cohort effects, such as differences in education between generations
Older cohorts often had less schooling, so cross-sectional comparisons overstate age decline. Longitudinal data separate ageing from generation, though they suffer from attrition.
Answer: B · Perceived behavioural control
The theory adds perceived behavioural control to the earlier theory of reasoned action, so intentions depend on attitude, norms and how much control people think they have.
Answer: B · Spreading of alternatives after a decision
Post-decision dissonance is reduced by increasing the attractiveness of the chosen option and lowering that of the rejected one.
Answer: B · Preventing relapse in people with recurrent depression
MBCT combines mindfulness practice with cognitive therapy. Trials show it reduces relapse in people with three or more previous depressive episodes.
Answer: D · Offending or embarrassing others through one's appearance or behaviour
Taijin kyofusho is a cultural concept of distress in which the person fears that their gaze, odour or appearance will offend others. It shows that culture shapes how anxiety is expressed.
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