Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 8 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.
In a lexical decision task, people recognise "nurse" as a word faster after seeing "doctor" than after seeing "bread". This is best explained by:
The framing effect is demonstrated when people:
Shown 7 roses and 3 tulips, a 5-year-old says there are more roses than flowers. Which ability is still lacking?
Wynn showed 5-month-olds one doll, then a second doll being added behind a screen. When the screen dropped to reveal only one doll, infants looked longer. This suggests infants:
Aronson and Mills found that women who went through an embarrassing initiation to join a dull discussion group rated it more positively than those with a mild initiation. This is:
Social identity theory (Tajfel and Turner) explains in-group favouritism mainly by:
A patient feels intense anxiety about having a serious illness despite having few or no bodily symptoms and repeated normal tests. Which diagnosis fits best?
A patient has had psychotic symptoms for a year; for several weeks they had hallucinations without any mood episode, while at other times psychosis occurred during major depressive episodes. Which diagnosis is most likely?
Answer: D · Spreading activation in a semantic network
Collins and Loftus proposed that activating a concept spreads activation to related concepts, making them easier to access (semantic priming).
Answer: D · Choose differently between identical options described as gains or as losses
In the "Asian disease" problem people prefer the safe option when outcomes are framed as lives saved and the risky option when framed as deaths, although the options are equivalent.
Answer: C · Class inclusion
Class inclusion is understanding that a subclass cannot be larger than the class that contains it. Piaget found it is usually mastered in the concrete operational stage.
Answer: A · Have basic expectations about small numbers
Infants seemed to expect 1 + 1 to make 2. Wynn interpreted this as an early sense of number, though some argue simpler perceptual explanations are possible.
Answer: B · Effort justification
Effort justification is a form of dissonance reduction: people come to value something more when they have suffered or worked hard to get it.
Answer: D · People's need to maintain positive self-esteem through group membership
People derive self-esteem from the groups they belong to, so they compare their groups favourably with out-groups, even without real conflict.
Answer: D · Illness anxiety disorder
Illness anxiety disorder involves preoccupation with having or acquiring a serious illness with minimal somatic symptoms. Somatic symptom disorder centres on distressing symptoms and excessive thoughts about them.
Answer: D · Schizoaffective disorder
Schizoaffective disorder involves a mood episode together with schizophrenia symptoms, plus at least two weeks of psychosis without a mood episode. In psychotic depression, psychosis occurs only during the mood episode.
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