Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 8 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.
Two groups study a text. One rereads it; the other takes practice quizzes on it. A week later, the quiz group remembers more. This shows:
In Luchins' water jar problems, after solving several problems with the formula B − A − 2C, many participants kept using it even when a simpler solution (A − C) worked. This shows:
The Sally–Anne task is used to test whether a child has:
A child is shown a Smarties tube, guesses it contains sweets, and finds pencils. Asked what a friend who has not looked will think is inside, a typical 3-year-old says "pencils". This shows:
The foot-in-the-door technique works by:
Bond and Smith's meta-analysis of Asch-type studies found that conformity was:
Validity scales on the MMPI are designed to detect:
A man says that a famous singer is secretly in love with him and sends him coded messages through her songs. Apart from this, his thinking and behaviour are normal, with no hallucinations. Which diagnosis fits best?
Answer: D · The testing effect
The testing effect (retrieval practice) shows that actively recalling material produces better long-term retention than passively restudying it.
Answer: C · A mental set (Einstellung) that hides simpler solutions
Einstellung is a mental set: prior success with one method makes people repeat it and miss easier alternatives. Functional fixedness concerns objects' uses, not methods.
Answer: C · Theory of mind
Passing the false-belief task shows the child understands others can hold beliefs that differ from reality, usually around age 4.
Answer: A · Difficulty understanding false beliefs
Like the Sally–Anne task, the Smarties task tests false-belief understanding. Most 3-year-olds fail, while most 4–5-year-olds pass.
Answer: A · Getting agreement to a small request before making a larger one
Agreeing to a small request makes people more likely to agree to a later bigger one, possibly because of consistency with their self-image.
Answer: C · Higher in collectivist than in individualist cultures
Conformity was higher in collectivist countries and had declined over time in the USA, suggesting conformity is shaped by cultural values.
Answer: A · Inconsistent, exaggerated or defensive answering
Validity scales flag random responding, faking bad or faking good, so clinicians know whether the clinical scale profile can be interpreted.
Answer: B · Delusional disorder, erotomanic type
Delusional disorder involves one or more delusions for at least a month without meeting criteria for schizophrenia, and functioning is not markedly impaired apart from the delusion. Erotomanic delusions concern another person being in love with the patient.
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