Introduction to Psychology: cram pack

The cognitive interview is used by police to improve eyewitness recall. Which technique does it include?

1. AMentally reinstating the context of the event
2. BAsking leading questions to speed things up
3. CShowing the witness photos of a single suspect
4. DAsking only yes-or-no questions

In Sperling's experiments, participants saw a 3 × 4 grid of letters briefly. When a tone signalled which row to report immediately afterwards, they could report most letters of that row. What did this show?

1. AMost of the display is briefly held but fades before it can all be reported
2. BHearing a warning tone improves visual perception of nearby letters in general
3. CBriefly seen letters are transferred into long-term memory at once
4. DIconic memory holds only about four letters, however they are tested

Habituation in infant research is used to show that babies:

1. AAre born with full adult vision
2. BBecome drowsy and sleep more when the same stimulus is presented over and over again
3. CPrefer their own reflection
4. DCan tell two stimuli apart because interest returns when the stimulus changes

Hazan and Shaver's "love quiz" found that adults' romantic attachment styles:

1. AMatched infant type proportions and related to recalled childhood care
2. BWere completely unrelated to how people recalled their childhood
3. CWere nearly all insecure-avoidant, unlike the proportions of infant types
4. DChanged completely from one relationship to the next at random

On a New York subway, a man who collapsed while carrying a cane was helped more often than a man who smelt of alcohol. Which model best explains this?

1. AThe empathy–altruism hypothesis
2. BThe arousal: cost–reward model
3. CSocial identity theory
4. DThe matching hypothesis

Pettigrew and Tropp's meta-analysis of over 500 studies on intergroup contact found that:

1. AContact usually increases prejudice unless groups are kept apart
2. BContact usually reduces prejudice; Allport's conditions add to it
3. CContact reduces prejudice only if all of Allport's conditions are met
4. DContact has no measurable effect once prior attitudes are controlled

In the two-factor model of phobias (Mowrer), how is a phobia maintained?

1. APositive reinforcement of fear by rewards
2. BPunishment of approach behaviour by others, which strengthens the fear itself
3. CAvoidance reduces anxiety, which negatively reinforces the avoidance
4. DThe fear is learned by watching others only

The "scientist-practitioner" (Boulder) model in clinical psychology means that clinicians should:

1. AOnly conduct laboratory experiments
2. BPrescribe medication as their main treatment, following psychiatric guidelines closely
3. CUse research evidence to guide practice and evaluate their own interventions
4. DAvoid research completely