Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 8 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.
People recall more words from a list of short words (e.g. "cat, sun") than from a list of long words. The usual explanation is that:
Countries where people are organ donors unless they opt out have far higher donor rates than countries where people must opt in. This is best explained by:
Bowlby's "44 thieves" study linked early prolonged separation from the mother to:
A critic argues that Piaget underestimated young children. Which finding supports this?
In Latané and Darley's five-step model of bystander intervention, pluralistic ignorance mainly affects which step?
Social identity theory (Tajfel and Turner) explains in-group favouritism mainly by:
A patient feels intense anxiety about having a serious illness despite having few or no bodily symptoms and repeated normal tests. Which diagnosis fits best?
Learned helplessness (Seligman) was proposed as a model for:
Answer: D · Short words take less time to rehearse in the phonological loop
The phonological loop holds roughly what can be said in about two seconds, so more short words than long words can be maintained by rehearsal.
Answer: A · The default effect and status quo bias
People tend to stick with the default option because changing requires effort and the default may seem recommended. Johnson and Goldstein showed large differences in consent rates.
Answer: A · Affectionless psychopathy
Bowlby found that many affectionless thieves had experienced early maternal separation. The study was retrospective and correlational, so it cannot prove cause.
Answer: A · Children conserve number earlier when the task is changed so the transformation seems accidental
McGarrigle and Donaldson found that when a "naughty teddy" rearranged counters, many more 4–6-year-olds conserved, suggesting the standard task design misled children.
Answer: D · Interpreting the event as an emergency
The steps are noticing, interpreting it as an emergency, taking responsibility, knowing how to help and deciding to help. Pluralistic ignorance distorts interpretation.
Answer: A · People's need to maintain positive self-esteem through group membership
People derive self-esteem from the groups they belong to, so they compare their groups favourably with out-groups, even without real conflict.
Answer: D · Illness anxiety disorder
Illness anxiety disorder involves preoccupation with having or acquiring a serious illness with minimal somatic symptoms. Somatic symptom disorder centres on distressing symptoms and excessive thoughts about them.
Answer: C · Depression
After uncontrollable aversive events, animals and people may stop trying even when escape becomes possible, resembling the passivity and hopelessness of depression.
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