1.Cognitive psychologyMedium
A student who studied while drinking coffee recalls more when tested after drinking coffee. This illustrates:
- AThe serial position effect
- BThe spacing effect
- CState-dependent memory
- DFlashbulb memory
Introduction to Psychology: cram pack
Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 8 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.
1Practice problems
2.Cognitive psychologyHard
Morris, Bransford and Franks found that words processed for rhyme were better recognised in a rhyming test than words processed for meaning. This challenges levels of processing because:
- AMemory depends on the match between encoding and test, not only on depth
- BMeaning cannot be processed during learning
- CRhyming words are stored in iconic memory
- DShallow processing is always better than deep processing
3.Developmental psychologyMedium
A 5-year-old says a boy who broke 15 cups by accident is naughtier than a boy who broke 1 cup while stealing jam. Piaget called this:
- AHeteronomous morality (moral realism)
- BFormal operational moral thought
- CPost-conventional moral reasoning
- DAutonomous morality (moral relativism)
4.Developmental psychologyHard
Rovee-Collier tied a ribbon from a mobile to infants' ankles so that kicking moved it. Days later, infants kicked more on seeing the same mobile. This shows that young infants:
- AOnly remember things they can name
- BCannot form any long-term memories
- CRemember only events that happened to others
- DCan retain learned associations over days
5.Social psychologyMedium
Which concept describes believing that others share our opinions more than they actually do?
- AFalse consensus effect
- BJust-world belief
- CHalo effect
- DFundamental attribution error
6.Social psychologyHard
A teenager adopts the style and opinions of an admired older cousin, but drops them once the two are no longer close. Kelman would call this:
- AObedience
- BIdentification
- CInternalisation
- DCompliance
7.Clinical psychologyMedium
Behavioural activation treats depression mainly by:
- AIncreasing engagement in rewarding and valued activities
- BPrescribing a period of complete rest
- CExploring childhood conflicts in detail
- DExposing the person to feared bodily sensations in a graded way
8.Clinical psychologyHard
Concordance rates for schizophrenia are higher in identical than in fraternal twins. What does this suggest?
- AGenes contribute to the risk, but the environment also matters
- BThe environment plays no role
- CSchizophrenia is caused entirely by genes
- DTwins are more likely than other siblings to be misdiagnosed by clinicians
2Solutions
1.Cognitive psychology
Answer: C · State-dependent memory
Why this is the answer
State-dependent memory is better recall when one's internal physiological or emotional state at retrieval matches the state at encoding.
Answer
C · State-dependent memory
2.Cognitive psychology
Answer: A · Memory depends on the match between encoding and test, not only on depth
Why this is the answer
Transfer-appropriate processing holds that the best encoding is the one that matches the demands of the later test. "Deep" semantic processing is not always superior.
Answer
A · Memory depends on the match between encoding and test, not only on depth
3.Developmental psychology
Answer: A · Heteronomous morality (moral realism)
Why this is the answer
Heteronomous children see rules as fixed and judge actions by the amount of damage. Older, autonomous children take intentions into account.
Answer
A · Heteronomous morality (moral realism)
4.Developmental psychology
Answer: D · Can retain learned associations over days
Why this is the answer
The mobile paradigm showed that even young infants remember a learned contingency over time, especially when the test context matches the training context.
Answer
D · Can retain learned associations over days
5.Social psychology
Answer: A · False consensus effect
Why this is the answer
The false consensus effect is the tendency to overestimate how common our own attitudes and behaviours are.
Answer
A · False consensus effect
6.Social psychology
Answer: B · Identification
Why this is the answer
Identification is adopting behaviours or attitudes to be like a valued person or group. It is deeper than compliance but less permanent than internalisation.
Answer
B · Identification
7.Clinical psychology
Answer: A · Increasing engagement in rewarding and valued activities
Why this is the answer
Behavioural activation schedules activities that bring pleasure or mastery, breaking the cycle of withdrawal and low reinforcement. It is an evidence-based treatment for depression.
Answer
A · Increasing engagement in rewarding and valued activities
8.Clinical psychology
Answer: A · Genes contribute to the risk, but the environment also matters
Why this is the answer
Higher MZ than DZ concordance shows a genetic contribution, while concordance well below 100% means environmental factors are also important.
Answer
A · Genes contribute to the risk, but the environment also matters
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