Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 8 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.
The serial position effect predicts that items in a list are recalled best when they are:
Glanzer and Cunitz had participants count for 30 seconds between hearing a list and recalling it. Which result did they find?
Scaffolding refers to:
Ainsworth's sensitivity hypothesis proposes that secure attachment results mainly from:
Deindividuation refers to:
In Latané and Darley's smoke-filled room study, participants alone usually reported the smoke, but those with two calm confederates rarely did. The best explanation is:
Validity scales on the MMPI are designed to detect:
A chronic heavy drinker develops confusion, an unsteady gait and abnormal eye movements. Which deficiency must be treated urgently?
Answer: A · At the beginning and end of the list
Early items benefit from rehearsal into long-term memory (primacy), and the last items are still in short-term memory (recency).
Answer: A · The recency effect disappeared, but the primacy effect remained
The delay displaced the last items from short-term memory, removing recency. Early items had already been rehearsed into long-term memory, so primacy was unaffected.
Answer: C · Support given to a learner that is reduced as competence grows
Wood, Bruner and Ross described scaffolding as adjustable support that helps a learner work within the zone of proximal development.
Answer: B · The caregiver responding promptly and appropriately to the infant's signals
Ainsworth argued that caregiver sensitivity and responsiveness predict secure attachment. Critics such as Kagan emphasised infant temperament.
Answer: C · Loss of self-awareness and personal responsibility in groups or anonymity
Anonymity and group immersion can reduce self-awareness, making behaviour that violates norms more likely.
Answer: C · Pluralistic ignorance about whether it was an emergency
Participants used the passive confederates to interpret the ambiguous smoke as harmless. This is a failure at the interpretation step of helping.
Answer: D · Inconsistent, exaggerated or defensive answering
Validity scales flag random responding, faking bad or faking good, so clinicians know whether the clinical scale profile can be interpreted.
Answer: B · Thiamine (vitamin B1)
Wernicke's encephalopathy results from thiamine deficiency and presents with confusion, ataxia and eye signs. Untreated, it can progress to Korsakoff syndrome with severe amnesia and confabulation.
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