1.Cognitive psychologyMedium
A student who studied while drinking coffee recalls more when tested after drinking coffee. This illustrates:
- AThe spacing effect
- BThe serial position effect
- CFlashbulb memory
- DState-dependent memory
Introduction to Psychology: cram pack
Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 8 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.
1Practice problems
2.Cognitive psychologyHard
Morris, Bransford and Franks found that words processed for rhyme were better recognised in a rhyming test than words processed for meaning. This challenges levels of processing because:
- AMeaning cannot be processed during learning
- BRhyming words are stored in iconic memory
- CMemory depends on the match between encoding and test, not only on depth
- DShallow processing is always better than deep processing
3.Developmental psychologyMedium
Older adults often prefer spending time with a few close friends rather than meeting new people. Carstensen's socioemotional selectivity theory explains this as:
- AFocusing on emotionally meaningful goals as time feels shorter
- BFear of strangers that grows steadily in later life
- CA gradual loss of social skills that tends to come with increasing age
- DA decline in crystallised intelligence and memory
4.Developmental psychologyHard
Which of these is a key criticism of Kohlberg's theory of moral development?
- AIt claimed moral development ends at age 5
- BIt ignored moral reasoning completely
- CIt was tested only on animals
- DIt was based mainly on male participants and emphasised justice over care
5.Social psychologyMedium
In Aronson's jigsaw classroom, each pupil learns one part of a lesson and teaches it to the group. This reduced prejudice mainly by:
- ARewarding only the best individual pupil
- BSeparating pupils from different groups
- CMaking pupils depend on each other to succeed
- DIncreasing competition between pupils
6.Social psychologyHard
In Reicher and Haslam's BBC prison study, guards did not form a strong shared identity, while prisoners did and challenged the guards. What does this suggest about the Stanford prison experiment?
- AGuards will always become cruel when they are given power
- BPrisoners always accept their low status without resistance
- CAssigned roles and group membership have no effect on behaviour at all
- DBehaviour depends on shared identity, not automatic role-taking
7.Clinical psychologyMedium
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) increase serotonin in the synapse by:
- ABlocking dopamine release
- BBlocking the reuptake of serotonin into the presynaptic neuron
- CDestroying serotonin receptors
- DSpeeding up the breakdown of serotonin by monoamine oxidase enzymes
8.Clinical psychologyHard
Which evidence best supports CBT as a treatment for anxiety disorders, rather than a placebo effect?
- ARandomised trials show CBT outperforms credible attention-placebo control conditions
- BCBT has been used for over fifty years
- CClients say they like their therapists
- DCBT is cheaper than medication
2Solutions
1.Cognitive psychology
Answer: D · State-dependent memory
Why this is the answer
State-dependent memory is better recall when one's internal physiological or emotional state at retrieval matches the state at encoding.
Answer
D · State-dependent memory
2.Cognitive psychology
Answer: C · Memory depends on the match between encoding and test, not only on depth
Why this is the answer
Transfer-appropriate processing holds that the best encoding is the one that matches the demands of the later test. "Deep" semantic processing is not always superior.
Answer
C · Memory depends on the match between encoding and test, not only on depth
3.Developmental psychology
Answer: A · Focusing on emotionally meaningful goals as time feels shorter
Why this is the answer
When time horizons shrink, people focus on emotionally satisfying relationships rather than gathering new information or contacts.
Answer
A · Focusing on emotionally meaningful goals as time feels shorter
4.Developmental psychology
Answer: D · It was based mainly on male participants and emphasised justice over care
Why this is the answer
Gilligan argued Kohlberg's original all-male sample and focus on justice undervalued an ethic of care, though later research found smaller gender differences than she proposed.
Answer
D · It was based mainly on male participants and emphasised justice over care
5.Social psychology
Answer: C · Making pupils depend on each other to succeed
Why this is the answer
The jigsaw method creates cooperative interdependence and equal status, two of the conditions that make contact reduce prejudice.
Answer
C · Making pupils depend on each other to succeed
6.Social psychology
Answer: D · Behaviour depends on shared identity, not automatic role-taking
Why this is the answer
Reicher and Haslam argued that people do not passively accept roles; behaviour depends on whether they identify with their group, supporting social identity theory.
Answer
D · Behaviour depends on shared identity, not automatic role-taking
7.Clinical psychology
Answer: B · Blocking the reuptake of serotonin into the presynaptic neuron
Why this is the answer
SSRIs block the serotonin transporter, so serotonin stays longer in the synaptic cleft. Clinical effects usually take several weeks.
Answer
B · Blocking the reuptake of serotonin into the presynaptic neuron
8.Clinical psychology
Answer: A · Randomised trials show CBT outperforms credible attention-placebo control conditions
Why this is the answer
Showing superiority over a credible placebo control rules out non-specific factors as the only explanation. Many trials and meta-analyses report this for CBT in anxiety disorders.
Answer
A · Randomised trials show CBT outperforms credible attention-placebo control conditions
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