1.Cognitive psychologyMedium
Counting the windows in your house by picturing walking around it mainly uses which working memory component?
- AThe visuospatial sketchpad
- BLong-term procedural memory
- CThe phonological loop
- DThe episodic buffer
Introduction to Psychology: cram pack
Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 8 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.
1Practice problems
2.Cognitive psychologyHard
In the Wason selection task, cards show E, K, 4 and 7. The rule is "If a card has a vowel on one side, it has an even number on the other". Which cards must be turned to test the rule?
- AE only
- BE and 4
- CE and 7
- DE, 4 and 7
3.Developmental psychologyMedium
Habituation in infant research is used to show that babies:
- AAre born with full adult vision
- BPrefer their own reflection
- CBecome drowsy and sleep more when the same stimulus is presented over and over again
- DCan tell two stimuli apart because interest returns when the stimulus changes
4.Developmental psychologyHard
Wood and Middleton watched mothers help children build a puzzle. Which strategy was most effective?
- AThe same high level of help throughout the task
- BShowing the full solution right at the start
- CMore help after failure and less help after success
- DNo help at all until the child asked for it
5.Social psychologyMedium
In a variation of Asch's study, participants wrote their answers privately instead of saying them aloud, and conformity dropped sharply. What does this suggest?
- AMuch of the original conformity was normative
- BThe conformity was mainly informational
- CWriting answers made the task more difficult
- DMost participants had poor eyesight for lines
6.Social psychologyHard
Bond and Smith's meta-analysis of Asch-type studies found that conformity was:
- AHigher in collectivist than in individualist cultures
- BRising steadily in the USA since the 1950s
- CHigher in individualist than in collectivist cultures
- DExactly the same in all countries and time periods
7.Clinical psychologyMedium
Which statement about the monoamine hypothesis of depression is most accurate?
- AIt has been fully confirmed by direct measurements of serotonin levels in the brains of living patients
- BIt proves that depression is caused only by low dopamine in the frontal lobe
- CIt predicts that antidepressants improve mood within a few hours of a dose
- DIt links depression to low monoamine activity but struggles to explain the delayed drug response
8.Clinical psychologyHard
A client with OCD checks the stove twenty times before leaving home. Why does checking maintain the disorder, according to the cognitive-behavioural model?
- AChecking raises anxiety each time, which punishes and gradually weakens the urge to check
- BChecking is mainly caused by low intelligence and poor working memory
- CRelief after checking reinforces it and blocks learning that the fear is unfounded
- DChecking produces a strong pleasure that the client becomes addicted to
2Solutions
1.Cognitive psychology
Answer: A · The visuospatial sketchpad
Why this is the answer
The visuospatial sketchpad stores and manipulates visual and spatial information, such as a mental image of a building and its layout.
Answer
A · The visuospatial sketchpad
2.Cognitive psychology
Answer: C · E and 7
Why this is the answer
Only a vowel with an odd number falsifies the rule, so check E (odd on back?) and 7 (vowel on back?). Most people choose E and 4, which reflects a matching or confirmation tendency.
Answer
C · E and 7
3.Developmental psychology
Answer: D · Can tell two stimuli apart because interest returns when the stimulus changes
Why this is the answer
When a familiar stimulus is replaced by a new one, a recovery in looking time (dishabituation) shows the infant perceives the difference.
Answer
D · Can tell two stimuli apart because interest returns when the stimulus changes
4.Developmental psychology
Answer: C · More help after failure and less help after success
Why this is the answer
Contingent tutoring adjusts support to the child's performance, keeping the task within the zone of proximal development. It is a key principle of scaffolding.
Answer
C · More help after failure and less help after success
5.Social psychology
Answer: A · Much of the original conformity was normative
Why this is the answer
Since the lines were unambiguous, conformity in public reflected the wish to fit in. When answers were private, that pressure was removed.
Answer
A · Much of the original conformity was normative
6.Social psychology
Answer: A · Higher in collectivist than in individualist cultures
Why this is the answer
Conformity was higher in collectivist countries and had declined over time in the USA, suggesting conformity is shaped by cultural values.
Answer
A · Higher in collectivist than in individualist cultures
7.Clinical psychology
Answer: D · It links depression to low monoamine activity but struggles to explain the delayed drug response
Why this is the answer
The hypothesis grew from the effects of drugs on monoamines. The delay of several weeks before benefit suggests that downstream changes, such as receptor adaptation, matter too.
Answer
D · It links depression to low monoamine activity but struggles to explain the delayed drug response
8.Clinical psychology
Answer: C · Relief after checking reinforces it and blocks learning that the fear is unfounded
Why this is the answer
Compulsions are negatively reinforced by short-term relief and stop the person learning that anxiety falls on its own. This is why ERP blocks the ritual.
Answer
C · Relief after checking reinforces it and blocks learning that the fear is unfounded
ExamProblems · examproblems.com/courses/introduction-to-psychology